Business Ethics Essay Environmental Ethics Essay Example

Business Ethics Essay Environmental Ethics Paper Especially prevalent to the discussion of environmental damage caused by genuineness are resource based economies including Canada, where the centralization of raw materials such as lumber, oil and coal have created unique ethical dilemmas. Modern society must aim to determine which ethical boundaries to set for businesses that will not overly inflate operating costs, but will reduce the impact of business on the environment. Businesses have a fiduciary duty to shareholders in order to keep their business competitive, but must also realize their obligation to maintain environmental standards for the preservation of our society and earth. This essay seeks to outline environmental concerns in three major Canadian natural resource industries including oil and gas, mining and lumber. Additionally, pertinent aspects of the contemporary legal framework aimed at reducing environmental damage caused by businesses will be discussed. Finally, possible solutions to these environmental concerns and methods of improving our legal framework will be analyzed. Ultimately, the following is an examination of deficiencies in business ethics as they pertain to the environment and how we as a society can improve. Problem Scope Canadian Oil Industry: The oil industry in Canada has taken precedence in contemporary media regarding its impact on the environment. In Canada oil represents a primary economic commodity, with the industry for mining and oil accounting for approximately 7% of gross domestic product (Statistics Canada, 2013). Canadas oil and gas industry which resides primarily in the province of Alberta is commonly referred to as the Tar Sands and has received harsh criticism domestically and internationally over their methodology of extracting oil and gas. We will write a custom essay sample on Business Ethics Essay Environmental Ethics specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Business Ethics Essay Environmental Ethics specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Business Ethics Essay Environmental Ethics specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Problems associated with the oil and gas sector in Canada include those retaining to the exploration, drilling, development, production, and decommissioning activities required to extract the raw material to be sold commercially. Exploration activities refer to the process of locating oil and gas, which usually requires the usage of acoustic equipment. Acoustic noise has been identified as a primary problem affiliated with the exploration of oil and gas (Tribal Energy and Environmental Information). Acoustic noise refers to the process of creating large sound waves using tools such dynamite for seismic sensors to interpret. The ramifications of using explosives and other vices capable of creating these sound waves can be disruptive to the ecosystems surrounding oil and gas fields. Similarly, the air quality surrounding sites where exploration activities are occurring can be jeopardized (Tribal Energy and Environmental Information). The tools used to collect seismic including dynamite, moving equipment and exhaust from pertinent machinery can create air quality problems, further exacerbating the problems discussed above (Tribal Energy and Environmental Information). Decreased air quality can have a substantial impact on the wild life and ecosystems surrounding potential drill sites. Additionally, the moving equipment used in appraising potential drilling locations can cause soil compression and damage resulting in poor aeration, permeability and water holding capabilities of soil (Tribal Energy and Environmental Information). The second phase of extracting natural gas and crude oil includes drilling and developing well sites. Drilling and development of oil and gas wells results in significant damage to the environment as a result of the industrial nature of the extraction process. Air quality is a major issue during the drilling ND development stage as emissions generated by vehicles, diesel fueled machinery, generators, blasting activities and mixing concrete can severely impact the natural habitats surrounding drill sites (Tribal Energy and Environmental Information). In addition to air quality problems, hazardous materials and waste management are another area of ecological concern in regards the production of oil and gas (Tribal Energy and Environmental Information). Hazardous materials including the spillage of crude oil have become a major problem facing the industry. Especially pertinent to the concussion of hazardous materials is the relatively modern extraction technique used in the oil and gas industry called franking. Franking involves the extraction of natural gas using chemically treated water which is pumped into shale formations or coal beds (Commission, 2013). It is estimated that more than one million liters of this chemically treated water may be required during the process of franking a single well (Commission, 2013). These findings have lead to beliefs that the franking process may be causing water contamination above and below ground due to the presence of hazardous Heimlich in the water utilized by oil and gas companies (Commission, 2013). The final step in the process of oil and gas extraction relates to production, transportation and decommissioning of oil and gas related assets (Tribal Energy and Environmental Information). First, producing oil and gas from drilled wells is a complicated process involving large amounts of heavy machinery and often occurs under less than ideal circumstances. With the large demand for fuel in contemporary society oil and gas companies have been forced to increase production rates. The increased production rate has deed to the depletion of many onshore oil and gas reserves. Accordingly, oil and gas companies have recently targeted reserves in offshore locations such as the North Sea and Gulf of Mexico. While large reserves of oil and gas do exist in these remote locations, the difficulty and technical expertise required to successfully extract them creates a multitude of challenges related to the environment. In 201 0 the world witnessed the dangers associated with offshore oil and gas production when British Petroleum (BP) experienced the Departed Horizon oil spill. The event highlighted the expertise required to successfully acquire offshore reserves and the potential ramifications of failing to utilize proper safe guards while producing offshore oil and gas. The results of the spill were horrific with oil littering coast lines surrounding the Gulf of Mexico. The spill resulted in such immense natural destruction that following litigation BP was ordered to undergo an extensive cleanup of the surrounding regions and provide financial reimbursement to citizens who had lost income due to the destruction of marine areas surrounding the Gulf of Mexico. Although this industry example falls outside of Canada, similar eroticism have been made toward the Canadian oil and gas industry resulting from corporate initiatives aimed at building nationwide pipelines that would help Alberta to mobiles its crude oil in order to reach new profitable foreign markets. Problem Scope Canadian Lumber Industry: The lumber industry represents another leading contributor to gross domestic product in Canada, accounting for approximately 1% of national GAP (Statistics Canada, 2009). Lumber has been harvested to produce pulp and paper throughout Canadas history. Paper manufacturing began in Canada during the 1 sass and was created using wood pulp (Wellington, 997). The industry began to flourish in the 1 asss in Ontario and sasss in British Colombia, becoming the mainstay of the Atlantic Canadian economy (Wellington, 1997). Despite the relative importance of the lumber industry in Canada, the collection of lumber as a raw material and the sale of lumber products for commercial purposes created numerous environmental concerns. The commercial usages of lumber have resulted in the extensive clear-cutting of forests in order to supply mills. The lumbers mills also represent a major contributor to air and water pollution. Mills producing leached pulp in Canada have drawn great criticism in recent years over accusations that chemicals used to create bleached pulp were being improperly discharged into the natural environment (Wellington, 1997). The act of extracting lumber is creating peripheral damage to the environment, including soil erosion. Forests play an important role in filtering water and holding soil in place. Due to the clear-cutting of many forested areas soil erosion has created fluctuations in the flow of Water during various Seasons of the year. The result of clear cutting forests and soil erosion include periods f intense flooding or drought (Forest Monitor). These periods of drought can result in poor performance in other agricultural industries which rely on rainfall to grow crops such as the potato, canola and corn industries. Forest fires represent a second peripheral environmental concern related to the clear-cutting of forests in Canada (Forest Monitor). Studies have recently acknowledged that many of the large scale forest fires visible in contemporary media have been the direct result or exacerbated by the logging industries clear cutting practices (Forest Monitor). Similarly, logging in Canada has caused substantial damage to the marine ecosystem. Debris caused by logging have caused damage to local rivers and eventually the surrounding oceans where they contribute to the destruction of mangroves and coral reefs, which represent habitats crucial for the prosperity of aquatic life (Forest Monitor). Problem Scope Canadian Mining Industry: Mining is a large contributor to Canadian gross domestic product and similar to the oil and lumber industries in regards to environmental destructiveness. Several forms of mining exist including open pit mining, underground mining and in situ leach mining. Open pit mining is the most common form of mining and involves the excavation of strategic minerals from open pits in the earth (Technology, 2012). This form of mining is particularly destructive due to its propensity to displace large amounts of rock and vegetation in order to create the pits necessary to locate mineral concentrations (Technology, 2012). Additionally, the process of mining unearths minerals and rocks which have been underground for long periods of time and can possess dangerous characteristics similar to radioactive materials, asbestos and metallic dust (Technology, 2012). These harmful substances can be displaced into the environment resulting in poor air quality and damage to surrounding ecosystems and bodies of water. In situ leach mining represents a second distinct form of mining involving the dilution of ore bodies to retrieve strategic minerals (Technology, 2012). This form of mining is often perceived to be less environmentally damaging than conventional forms of mining; however, due to the corrosive acids used to dissolve ore bodies this form of mining is still far from ideal. Corrosive chemicals used in situ leach mining can run into local bodies of water and intimate local ecosystems resulting in long-term damage (Technology, 2012). The Contemporary Canadian Society and Business Ethics: Following the analysis of several major Canadian industries and their related environmental issues, we will now analyze the corporate, societal and legal landscape present in Canada today as it pertains to business ethics and the environment. Contemporary Canadian society is evolving rapidly, with greater emphasis being placed on how businesses participate in the preservation of the environment. Technological advancements such as the internet and social Edie applications have allowed consumers to rapidly obtain news relating to businesses, making environmental negligence increasingly visible to the public. Contemporary media plays a large role in vilifying businesses that fail to meet these regulations, which frequently results in reputation damage for the business. These reputation damages can lead to lost sales, public distrust and even litigation. Conversely, Canadas population and international trade are increasing, which is creating additional necessity for businesses to exploit natural resources and fulfill fiduciary duties to shareholders. This conflict of interests must be managed carefully by Canadian businesses and law makers. Canadian society has identified that a large ethical gap exists between the societys production capability and ability to exude moral responsibility when faced with environmental dilemmas. TO combat this ethical gap laws and regulations have been implemented in an attempt to reduce future environmental disparities. The Legal Framework Governing Environmental Standards in Canada: Canada has remained at the forefront of environmental regulation and accountability for many years, employing numerous acts and regulations to ensure that businesses account for societal expectations while interacting with nature (Environment Canada, 2013). Regulations and acts in Canada are derived and implemented by Environment Canada, which is responsible for preserving and enhancing the quality of the natural environment, providing meteorological services, and coordinating policies and programs to achieve environmental objectives (Environment Canada, 2013). Accordingly, this committee is responsible for overseeing (Environment Canada, 201 3): Monitoring air and water quality and emissions of greenhouse gases. Controlling the level of toxic substances in commercial products. Forecasting meteorological patterns and reporting on weather conditions. Consulting with Canadians, regulated stakeholders, researchers and governments. Researching and protecting the habitat of migratory birds and species at risk. Permitting and, when necessary, preventing international trade in hazardous waste, hazardous recyclable materials and endangered species. Promoting, inspecting and enforcing regulatory requirements. Many of these regulations are the result of the Canadian Environmental Protection Act of 1 999, created y the Parliament of Canada. However, a large number of contributing regulatory acts aim to provide direction to businesses and society in regards to the environment (Saxes Law Office, 2011): The Fisheries Act Canadian Environmental Assessment Act. Species at Risk Act. Transportation of Dangerous Goods Act. Canada Shipping Act. Hazardous Products Act. Pest Control Products Act. Businesses operating in Canada must become familiar with the framework Outlined by the Government of Canada in regards to the environment, due to the serious legal consequences associated with failing to comply with regulatory standards. Consequences for businesses failing to comply with Environment Canadas regulations include litigation resulting in a prison sentence or community service, requests to monitor or reduce a particular behavior and various other forms of preventative measures (Saxes Law Office, 201 1). Improving Environmental Ethics in Business: Following the examination of environmental issues facing Canadians and the legal framework currently employed in Canada to combat environmental negligence, how can Canadians improve the environmental standards of businesses participating within their domestic market and/or abroad? The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (COED) in the Netherlands has proposed a process for improving the rate of compliance with environmental regulations and improving standards outlined by local governments and businesses to ensure environmental stability (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2013). First, the COED proposes that organizations maintain a system of environmental management appropriate to their particular enterprise. This would include the collection and analysis of complete and timely information regarding the health, safety and environmental consequences of their organizations operations (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2013). COED recommends outlining measurable goals pertaining to resource consumption and reducing the organizations carbon footprint. Organizations must consider operational costs and matters of privacy when creating or upholding environmental goals and regulations, as employees have a fiduciary duty to shareholders in addition to environmental responsibilities. Additionally, organizations must act in a transparent fashion and inform the public of any potential health or environmental concerns relating to their operation. Similarly, when regulations cannot be upheld and environmental issues surface the public must be immediately consulted with timely information relating to the problem and its resolution. Organizations should create product life cycles and attempt to forecast potential environmental threats. Once the environmental threats of operations have been identified a contingency plan must be created to minimize the negative impact of these events should they occur. Finally, businesses must continually seek methods of reducing their carbon footprint. As discussed in the introduction to this essay, organizations must recognize that being environmentally friendly transcends compliance with environmental regulations. Businesses must make every attempt to reduce their carbon footprint and improve the ecosystem. Accordingly, organizations should aim for continual improvement in regards to the maintenance of the environment by utilizing education and politics to help improve their surrounding ecosystems. Educating employees and using corporate clout to sway environmental regulations can reflect positively on businesses and help them to remain competitive in the economy (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2013). Conclusion: Businesses must recognize that to remain competitive in the economy, the economy must continue to exist. Remaining competitive in the marketplace must become secondary to preserving the marketplace and the health and wellbeing of its participants. Similarly, businesses that fail to recognize the importance of going green will limit their competitive advantage or destroy their public image entirely. As discussed, large organizations such as British Petroleum have experienced the frightening public exposure brought about by failing to comply with environmental regulations. By employing the tragedies discussed above the ethical gap between societys production capability and ability to exude moral responsibility in regards to the environment will be minimized.

How Athen took over leadership of sparta after the persian wars essays

How Athen took over leadership of sparta after the persian wars essays HOW ATHENS TOOK OVER LEADERSHIP OF SPARTA AFTER THE PERSIAN WARS During the period of Greek history from the last years of the Persian Wars till the beginning of the First Peloponnesian War, the primacy of Sparta declined whileAthens was gaining increased influence in Greece. The Athenian, Thucydides (460-400 BC), one among few contemporary historians, left behind the most creditable records about this period. Although he did not give enough documentation for many events he described, his Histories remained the main resource of the facts from that time. In consideration of the fact that he was an Athenian and a participant of the Athenian army, future historians could not entirely count upon his writing. In the 480-479 BC there was great anxiety about the strength and magnitude of the Persian threat. Although the Greeks had managed to force Persians retreat from the Greek mainland, the danger of reconquest by the Persians was still present. In the battle of Plataea (479 BC), the Greeks, under the Spartan regent and general Pausanians, obliterated the Persian army. The Greeks also won a naval victory at Mycale. Although the war drugged on for many years, these two victories marked the end of the Persian threat to Europe and the beginning of the period of Greek greatness. The idea of panhellenism - the awareness of Greek unity- appeared as a reaction to the fear of the Persian invasion. This is how Persia helped the Greece to recognise their identity, which gave significance to the year 479 BC to be marked as the beginning of the Classical Greek period. At the other side, the year 479 BC does not represent a vital turning-point in politics. Spartas control over her allies was still unbroken. After the Greeks triumph on Plataea, when the fear of the Persian invasion decreased, the idea of the united Greeks started diminishing. Phthonos (envy) was what characterised the relation...

I dont know a topic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

I dont know a topic - Essay Example â€Å"Zephry† tells about a romance that the protagonist dreams of, though is not yet real. He dwells upon what would happen if heaven should deny him this love. As the poem starts off, this wanted love is beautiful, and the protagonist wants nothing more than to be loved by this being. He imagines how perfect it all would be. Then he realizes what life would be like if the other person did not love him back. At the end of the poem, he makes it clear that if he does not get the love that he wants, he will be nothing more than a slave to his heart and his need for love. â€Å"A Mad Heart† discusses the author’s need to obtain a certain cup, one that holds within it spiritual and religious truth and understanding. However, this need is felt more out of envy and lust, rather a need to simply have such a marvelous thing. The author, though, understands what it would be like if someone else had gotten the cup, and begins to realize that it is probably best that he not be the one to receive it. If he felt differently about the reason that he wanted the cup, it would make more sense that he would be the one to be given it. Without it, though, he learns that he needs to restrain such irrational feelings. â€Å"Last Night I Dreamed† is about the author being taken to heaven in the place of Adam, who is missing. In short, the author died, replacing the original man in heaven. The author was found amongst sin, claiming that he and God have an agreement that must be met. The poem contains on in a way that suggests the essence of life flashes before the eyes of the author, comparing a human life to that of a moth who has gotten too close to the light and now has scorched wings that no longer function as they should. After the author awakes, he realizes the importance of living a life worthy of getting into heaven. â€Å"All My Pleasure† tells about the author’s love for the woman he is with, and how he wishes it to not be taken. When he

The Holy Grail Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Holy Grail - Essay Example Nevertheless, they would say the Holy Grail was not only a mystery, secrecy, or adventure but it also required much valuable knowledge from people if they shared the same historical background. A brief discussion on the historical background of the Holy Grail however, may be of some help in understanding the thesis. In the modern day, a majority will agree that the Holy Grail is a cup or a goblet that is related to Christ. However, we should not assume that the Holy Grail is merely an object. People also have other ideas about the Holy Grail that it could be a Blood Line, figure of Christ, or even Christ himself. The Holy Grail is a symbol of blood from Christ and that it was also the cup used while they were drinking wine. In addition, it was also used to gather the blood of Christ while he was hung on the cross. Some people believe that this cup has lots of miraculous powers.. For instance, it has the privilege to communicate with God, which, some believed, might bring them treatme nt, recycling, even immortality. There is also testimony to the assumption that the Holy Grail is the Blood Line of Christ. The word Holy Grail has changed a couple of times and Sangreal is just one of the words which referred to Christs cup before the advent of the word Holy Grail. The word Sangreal connotes a word San Greal that also suggests the meaning of Blood Line of Christ. The evidence of this theory is comes from the belief of some people that a baby was actually born to Christ and Mary Magdalene. Some theorists proclaim that this royal bloodline still remains today. The theory that we can finally come to about the Holy Grail is that the Holy Grail is just a cup, which simply symbolizes Christ. This is what the Catholics believe. In Catholicism, it is believed that Christ is sanctity, therefore, he did not marry Mary Magdalene nor did he have any children or any sort of bloodline.

Explain how and why industrialization changed Northern society Research Paper

Explain how and why industrialization changed Northern society - Research Paper Example The period saw the massive replacement of the labor force by machines and production capacities of the industries involved increased phenomenally. Logistic challenges experienced before the industrial revolution in the area were quickly solved by the development of a system of railway lines1. It had a major impact on human lives of the Northern Society. People migrated in large numbers to urban areas, which led to mushrooming of cities in industrialized areas. Income disparity between the rich and poor stirred up expansive discontent. This paper discusses how industrialization changed the Northern society in early U.S.A. Largely, the Northern Society changed socially in a diverse manner. Industrialization saw the formation of new classes, which included the new rich and the working middle class. The wealthy mainly comprised of factory owners whereas the middle class were usually workers who had moved from the rural areas into the cities in pursuit of a better life. The middle class w ere those who offered labor to factories and were often better off, financially than the people back in the rural areas were. Most of them were residents to congested houses, which created a perfect breeding ground for maladies. The areas they lived in were famed for unsanitary conditions of living and below par hygiene standards. They were paid unfairly for their labor services and treated badly. Women probably benefited the most due to their improvement in their roles2. Besides being able to work in factories, they were granted many rights they previously did not have. From an economic standpoint, people from the Northern Societ

Malaysian Government Expenditure’s Trends

Malaysian Government Expenditure’s Trends CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION Background of study Malaysia is a small and open economy which has middle income country. Malaysia is a country on the move. Today, Malaysia becomes an export-driven economy which accelerates one’s by high technology, knowledge-based and capital-intensive industries. Malaysia’s economy achieves successes in economic development because of economy transformation in an effective public policy. The role of policy not only can increase the economic growth but also can achieve the goal in the different development stages (Nabulsi, 2001). Thus, the government plays an important role in economic development. Economic growth is defined as an increase in a  countrysproductive capacity, as measured by comparing  gross national product (GNP)  in a year with the GNP in the previous year. An Increase in the  capital stock,advances  in  technology, and  improvement  in the  quality  and level of literacy are considered to be the  principal  causes  of economic growth. In recent years, the idea of  sustainable development  has brought in additional  factors  such as  environmentally sound  processes  that must be taken into  account  in growing an  economy. From these definition it shows that economic growth is primarily a quantitative measure based on the rate of change of GDP while economic development is a combination of quantitative and qualitative measures. The question of the relationship between the government expenditure and economic growth has been created a lot of interest and attention among the economist and policy makers. By understanding the relationship within it, may help in building a more goal orientated policy. Therefore, studies on this topic has been made and argued since decades ago. Furthermore, it has also stimulated controversy in macroeconomics studies. This interest has led to empirical studies to address several economic doubts, which related to the government expenditure and the economic growth of the country. Gwartney, Holcombe and Lawson (1998) noticed when the country has moved towards the economic freedom and open market, that government expenditure will increased accordingly. A lot of empirical studies were carried out to examine the effect of economic growth on government expenditure. However the results of each country lead to different conclusion; where some countries show positive relationship and some countries not. Samudram, Nair and Vaithilingam (2009) state a similar finding based on several studies regarding the relationship of government expenditure and economic growth and the results are inconclusive. Landau (1983) studies noticed that the effect of government expenditure on economic growth in 96 countries and finds a negative relationship between government spending and economic growth. Meanwhile, Sinha (1998) found positive relationship between economic growth and government expenditure in Malaysia for the period of 1950-1992. There are two schools of thought called Wagner’s law, named after the nineteenth century German Professor Adolf Wagner, and the other one the Keynesian views which were suggested by the 20th century British economist John Maynard Keynes. There are also separated though like big and small government. According to Sinha (1998), Wagner’s law is the first thought that illustrated out the possible relationship between economic growth and the growth of government activity. Sinha (1998) reported that â€Å"Adolf Wagner was probably the first scholar to recognize a positive correlation between economic growth and the growth of government activity†. In addition, Henrekson (1993) pointed out from Wagner’s law three main reasons for the increase in the government’s role. In a simple way, Wagner’s law is interpreted as to say that government expenditure is a consequence of a growing economy. First, Industrialization and modernization would lead to a subs titution of public for private activities and result in increasing government expenditures on law and order as well as on contractual enforcement. Secondly, an increase in real income would lead to an expansion of the income elastic â€Å"cultural and welfare† expenditures. Wagner cited two areas which are education and culture in which the government could be a better provider than the private sector. Thirdly, natural monopolies such as railroads had to be taken over by the government because the running cost of such kind of activities are too expensive and the private sector would be unable to obtain such huge investment to finance the development of these activities. FIGURE 1.1.1: THE WANGER’S LAW Wagner’s Law Source: Drawn by author On the other hand, the other economic interpretation for government expenditure and growth is explained by the Keynesian view. The positive contribution in government expenditure economic growth will be based on the multiplier effects stated in the Keynesian model. Keynesian formula consists of the following composition: Y = C + I + G +Xn †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. (1) where, Y = the aggregate output (GDP) C = the consumption I = the investment G = the government expenditure Xn = the net exports (exports-imports) FIGURE 1.1.2: THE KEYNESIAN VIEWS Wagner’s Law Source: Drawn by author As we have mentioned earlier, this topic has created enormous attention among researchers with many extensive empirical works that have been carried out to test these theories but unfortunately the outcome of these studies has been of a mixed conclusion. The causation of economic growth and government expenditure can be unidirectional, bidirectional or no causality. Unidirectional causality can be running from government expenditure to economic growth and vice versa. This paper is adapting the Keynesian view to examine the relationship between government expenditure and economic growth. Several studies on causality have been carried out with several conclusions. Sinha (1998) using augmented Granger causality test finds no evidence of causality between GDP and government expenditure in Malaysia for the time period 1950-1992. Again later, Dogan and Tang (2006) find no empirical evidence to support either of the two theories for Malaysia when using data from 1960 to 2002. While Tang (2001) finds a short-run causality that runs from national income to government expenditure using data from 1960-1998. In all the studies that have been carried out so far, the outcomes are still open for debate. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between government expenditure, particularly in economic development expenditure and general development expenditure. This study will cover the government expenditure from year 1981-2013, limitation in obtaining the earlier data has also became one of the reason that the study starting from 1981 and the year 2013, which is the latest data that can be obtain, in order to find as exact as we could. The source of data is from the website Asian Development Bank: Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific. 1.2 Problem Statement Statistics from Economic Planning Unit of Malaysia and International Financial Statistics of International Monetary Fund shows that the Malaysian government expenditure’s trend and real GDP per capita’s trend shows almost a consistent increase throughout the period of 1981 until 2013. At the same time its real GDP per capita also shows the same trend. Figure 1.2: The trend of the total government expenditure and real GDP per capita in year 1981-2013 Source: Economic Planning Unit of Malaysia Starting with the New Economic Policy (NEP) in the 1970’s with its objective to restore the ethnic balance of the Bumiputera population through investment in human capital, the Malaysian government was directly and heavily involved in economic activity. This involvement or the so called government intervention in the economy has led the Malaysian federal government expenditure to increase steadily. According to Economic Planning Unit (EPU) Malaysia, the report in year 2003 shows that the percentage of total expenditure relative to GDP in 1970 to 1980 has increased about 25% to 33%. Meanwhile, in year 1981, statistics from EPU also show that the total Malaysian centre government expenditure has jumped about 41% from previous year total expenditure while the development expenditure growth percentage of that year compared to the previous year hiked about 52%. EPU Malaysia report that, by looking into the ratio of development expenditure on total expenditure, it is about 1:3 in 1980. While in the next year, the ratio has increase and achieved a new height at 1:2. In 1982, the total government expenditure showed about the same pattern as in year 1981. However the scenario changed in 1983.In year 1983 the Malaysian government focused its privatization policy as one of the national policies. This policy has brought more capitalization to the nation, shifted the government led growth to private sector led growth. This policy represents a new approach in policy development and at the same time complements other policies introduced by the government. This policy was developed to focus on enhancing the role of the private sector in economic development. Facilitate the development of county’s economy and reducing financial and administrative burden of the government is also the purpose of this approach. Furthermore it attempts to reduce gov ernment intervention in the economy, lowering the level and scope of public spending and allowing market forces to determine economic activity in line with the National Development Policy. During the implementation of this policy, the private sector was regarded as the engine of growth. As a result of this policy, the Malaysian government has successfully reduced its expenditure particularly in the development sector. In 1987, the percentage of development expenditure of total expenditure was marked lowest at about 20%. In general, it is believed that the Malaysian economic policies have had a big influence on the trend of the government expenditures for economic growth. However, this policy leads the policy makers to become divided as whether the expansion of government promotes or impedes economic growth. As mentioned in the earlier section, there were several studies on the direction of causality between government expenditure and economic growth in Malaysia and the results are mixed. Some concludes that it has no relationship between the government expenditure and economic growth, while some argued there was some positive and significant relationship lies within. However, we presume that the outcome of the same study will possibly lead to either one of the existing results. Furthermore the causality test was unable to identify the degree of change or effect from one variable to another; for this reason this study has no interest in testing for causality. On the other hand, as highlighted in an earlier section regarding the two sides of arguments which are the proponents of big and small governments, at this point, the attention is given to identify the right side of these two arguments. In addition we would also like to identify the degree of association between the government expenditure particularly by its sectors and economic growth. To our knowledge, no such study exists for Malaysia so far. Thus this study attempts to investigate the association between government expenditure in education and healthcare and economic growth in Malaysia from 1981 to 2013. Research Objectives The aims of this study is to evaluate empirically the association between the general government expenditure and economic growth. Specifically, the objectives of this study are: 1.3.1 General Obejctive To identify the association between government development expenditures and economic growth, and its significance by the services and sector. 1.3.2 Specific Objective To determine the relationship between the education and economic growth of Malaysia. To determine the relationship between the defence and security expenditure and economic growth of Malaysia. To determine the relationship between the general public services expenditure and economic growth of Malaysia. To determine the relationship between the transportations and communications expenditure and economic growth of Malaysia. To determine the relationship between the healthcare expenditure and economic growth of Malaysia. Research Question To meet the above objectives, several research questions have been developed to meet the objectives. Answering the below research questions will fulfil the objectives of this study. The research questions are as follows: What is the relationship between education expenditure and economic growth of Malaysia? What is the relationship between the defence and security expenditure and economic growth of Malaysia? What is the relationship between the general public services expenditure and economic growth of Malaysia? What is the relationship between transportations and communications expenditure and economic growth of Malaysia? What is the relationship between healthcare expenditure and economic growth of Malaysia? 1.5 General Hypothesis The hypothesis is to determine the relationship between the government expenditure and economic growth in Malaysia. EDUCATION H0: There is a relationship between the education expenditure and economic growth of Malaysia. H1: There is no relationship between the education expenditure and economic growth of Malaysia. DEFENCE AND SECURITY H0: There is a relationship between the defence and security expenditure and economic growth of Malaysia. H1: There is no relationship between the defence and security expenditure and economic growth of Malaysia. GENERAL PUBLIC SERVICES H0: There is a relationship between the general public services expenditure and economic growth of Malaysia. H1: There is no relationship between the general public services expenditure and economic growth of Malaysia. TRANSPORTATIONS AND COMMUNICATIONS H0: There is a relationship between the transportations and communications expenditure and economic growth of Malaysia. H1: There is no relationship between the transportations and communications expenditure and economic growth of Malaysia. HEALTHCARE H0: There is a relationship between the healthcare expenditure and economic growth of Malaysia. H1: There is no relationship between the healthcare expenditure and economic growth of Malaysia. In order to proceed with the interpretation of regression analysis, a significance level should be first considered. The significance level can be set at three different levels which are 1%, 5% and 10%. At each significant level, if the p-value of variables indicates that p-value 1.6 Significant of Study Malaysia is a developing country that has excelled in economic performance during 1980s. However more and more factors are affecting the economic health of Malaysia and the economic performance has slowed down over the years. One of the argument found is on the misspending of the government budget. Government expenditure might have failed to address the real factor that may drive the economic growth; therefore this paper may be helpful in the sense of recognizing the real expenditure that may trigger economic growth. This does help in helping government to spend the right money at the right place. Identifying the relationship within economic growth and government expenditure will also give some reference to the policy makers in shaping the country’s future without unnecessary waste of resources. It may also help policy makers to examine the current policy, weighting its strength of influence towards the results they may want to achieve. Furthermore, this paper has also study the government expenditure by separating it into perfect bite-sized, easy to understand and digest. The paper has breakdown the economic expenditure to very small and specific components, and this will help in quantifying the right amount of expenditure in every aspect. This makes the economic analysis become much more an easier and easier to forecast the economic growth by accessing the current expenditure that have invested in. 1.7 Outline of the Study The following chapters in this study will explain the research process in better details. The structure of this study starts with chapter one focusing on the introduction and research proposal. Chapter two is about the literature review, this chapter will discuss on the relevant research that have been carried out by others researchers. This chapter will also discuss and explain in depth about the literatures relevant to the area of economic growth. Chapter three focuses on model and methodology. This chapter will discuss the method that will be used in this research. It included the research design, research method, data analysis and others. Chapter four conducts the empirical tests of a time series regression analysis from year 1981 to 2013 and describes the outcome of the regression analysis. The results of the research will then be analyzed to answer the relevant research question. Chapter five focuses on a discussion of the empirical results and discuss conclusions and recommendations based on the study. This part will provide a summary of the findings, a discussion of the implications of the study and recommendation 1.8 Conclusion In a nutshell, this paper study on the significance of the relationship between government expenditure and economic growth, it is based on secondary data as the paper is accessing the past record of the economic performance to draw a conclusion. The paper will help in certain aspect, especially as a reference in helping policy makers to make a better policy, drive Malaysia towards a more competitive environment.

Cormac McCarthy The Crossing Essay -- Essays Papers

Cormac McCarthy The Crossing This story contains an almost equal balance of good and evil, though it also raises questions of what is truly good. It blurs the line between good and selfish or thoughtless. Characters’ actions sometimes appear impure, but in the long run, are good. In this story Billy is faced with a wide range of undeserved punishments, but shows good through all of them with his strong will and determination. He accepts the things that happen to him in a levelheaded manner, which works to keep the story from becoming a tragedy. The first instance of undeserved punishment is the death of Billy’s family. Not only was he unable to help them in any way, there was no good reason for it to happen. While Billy could lose all hope, become depressed, and angry at the world or at God for this injustice, he instead sets out to right the wrong. To begin his venture to right the wrong, Billy goes to get Boyd, who’s been staying at another home after his family’s death. Before they leave, Billy takes a shotgun, blanket, money, and other supplies from the house. Boyd comments, â€Å"Even a outlaw don’t rob them that’s took him in and befriended him.† In this instance it could be said that Billy’s actions are morally wrong. In this case however, the ends justify the means. Billy is committing a small wrong to serve the greater good, which reflects a higher prompting on Billy’s behalf. Billy’s patience is also tried when he learns of his heart murmur. He is attempti...

Contrast essay on Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde Essay

The duality of mankind, or the belief that the human mind is made up of a good and evil part, has always been a matter of great interest for many philosophers, psychologists and writers. Robert Louis Stevenson’s Dr Jekyll and Mr.Hyde is a unavoidable classic on the subject; for its portrayal of both nature in the persons of Hyde and Jekyll is efficiently drawn in the symbolic descriptions, and the significant critic that is made through the novel, which is the hypocrisy of the society where image is more important than anything else, is still relevant today. Stevenson, in his descriptions of Hyde and Jekyll and their actions demonstrates how the good part of the human mind (Jekyll) is better, more developed than the darker one, the innate evil, embodied by Hyde, which is harmful for society and the individual. First, the physical appearance tells us a lot about Hyde and Jekyll and, at the same time, what the author thinks about the two parts of the human mind. Jekyll is tall, handsome and well-built; â€Å"a large well-made, smooth-faced man of fifty (†¦) with every mark of capacity and kindness†. His hands are â€Å"large, firm, white and comely†. In the descriptions made by observers, Jekyll appears to be a perfect, distinguished gentlemen. The good part of the human mind is therefore perceived as eminent, more distinguished than the other part. Indeed, Stevenson reinforces this position with Hyde’s physiognomy. Hyde, is seen by other people who meet him as a dangerous and terrifying beast. Although they cannot name why, Hyde appears to those who meet him as repulsively ugly. He is younger than Jekyll but he is ape-like and dwarfish and also much smaller than Jekyll, for instance Jekyll’s clothes don’t fit him. As the doctor says in his statement, his counterpart was â€Å"less robust and less developed†. Utterson even says: â€Å"God bless me, the man is hardly human!† and adds that Hyde looks like a troglodyte! Hyde’s hands are not at all like the doctor’s hands: â€Å"It was lean, corded (†¦)of a dusky pallor, and thickly shaded with a swart growth of hair†. Stevenson, through his symbolic use of hair and small stature in his description of Hyde shows that this one is less developed and less distinguished than Jekyll. The good part of the human mind, embodied by Jekyll is superior to the evil one, less developed and less attractive. Second, the setting is very relevant to the theme and tells us a lot about the differences between Hyde and Jekyll. The story takes place in Victorian London, in the late nineteenth century, on a background of middle-class gentlemen who respect the value of respectability and the dynamic of the Victorian society. Knowing this, we see with the descriptions in the novel, that the doctor is more successful than Hyde. Dr Jekyll’s house faces onto a square of ancient, grand and handsome houses. Utterson even talks about the hall as â€Å"the pleasantest room in London†, describing it as a â€Å"comfortable and warmed by a bright open fire†. Even the butler, Poole, who opens the door, is said to be a well-dressed, loyal, elder and respectable servant. On the other hand, Hyde’s house is situated in the foggy quarter of Soho looks like â€Å"a district of some city in a nightmare† and is surrounded by a dingy neighbourhood, ragged children and wicked looking women. Hyde, when going to Jekyll’s house, enters by the lower storey shabby door that faces on a different and dirty street: â€Å"It bore in every feature the marks of prolonged and sordid negligence (†¦) was blistered and stained†. Jekyll, in his last statement, describes the Hyde’s housekeeper as a unscrupulous creature. Thus, according to the Victorian values, no doubt that Jekyll has, in the novel, a larger amount of ethic than Hyde and therefore is more respectable. Hence, Stevenson demonstrates, with the different places where the action takes place, how Jekyll is superior to Hyde. We see in the behaviour and actions of Hyde and Jekyll how the latter one is better but also how the former one is despicable. Henry Jekyll is a doctor, the caring job among all. He is wealthy, having over a quarter of a million sterling at the time and as he says in his narrative at the end; he is â€Å"well-known and highly considered†. His friends, such as Utterson and Lanyon, are all respectable and upright gentlemen who cherish honest hopes. His occupations, which are described this way:† The doctor gave one of his pleasant dinners to some five or six old cronies, all intelligent reputable man, and all judges of good wine† are all worthy and reputable at the time. He also has always done good things for the society, and â€Å"had always been known for charities (†¦) and no less distinguished for religion†. Throughout the novel, he always tries to undo the evil done by his other nasty part, Hyde. If the doctor does so, Hyde does exactly the opposite.  Right from the beginning, we know that Hyde hangs around in the dirty areas of London, seeking undignified pleasures and immersing himself into depravity, vices and sins. His acts are described by Jekyll as â€Å"inherently malign and villainous†. His depravity and immorality are also underlined by the different ghastly crimes, taking aim at innocent people, he commits. He first tramples a little girl and leaves her ill-treated, crying on the street and then beats to death a old man. We see that Hyde is not only less developed and more primitive in his actions than Jekyll, but also that these very actions are harmful for the society and lead to the destruction of the individual, as the author demonstrates when Jekyll ultimately commits suicide. In conclusion, Stevenson demonstrates through the physical appearances, the setting and the actions of his characters how the evil part of our mind is smaller and weaker than the good one. By showing how Hyde is much smaller than Jekyll and by showing that the places and the frequentations he has are less respectable than those of Jekyll, he demonstrates the superiority of Jekyll and therefore, the superiority of the good side over the evil one. Stevenson illustrates this by stating clearly the differences between Hyde and Jekyll, the evil and good side. The dark one is not only smaller, weaker and less distinguished but also leads to the destruction of the society and the individual. Stevenson also explores how the repression of the Victorian society leads to the release of that dark side, due to the will to break free from the value of respectability. Thus, we can ask ourselves if this value and the dynamic of repression that was taking place at that time weren’t partly resp onsible of the crimes that were committed in the Victorian era.

Free Essays on Vampires

Vampires have been seen and documented throughout history. The history of vampires goes further back in time than most people realize. The chaldeans, who lived near the Euphrates river in the southwestern part of Asia more than five hundred years before the time of Christ , feared vampire or creatures similar to vampires enough so that they created charms to protect themselves from being attacked by such creatures. The Assyrians and the Babylonians feareda creature similar to a vampire known as an Ekimmu. These creatures known asEkimmus were believed by the Assyrians to roam the planet searching for food although it was not always a persons blood but rather a persons' vitality or that persons' energy force. It was believed that if such a creature would enter someone's house that person along with his or her family would slowly weaken, get sick and probably die. In the countries of Syria and Palestine references were made to such blood sucking monsters on ancient carved tablets. In Ireland the people believed in these creatures, which they affectionately came to call "red blood suckers" . Due to their belief in these mythical creatures they began the practice of placing stones on these vampires graves to kep them from escaping.This then became standard practice and is still used to this day in the form of a tombstone. Tombstones were used to control ghosts and other spirits instead of their original use in controlling vampires. Due to the fact that vampires seemed to be so commonplace around the globe, there was a large variety of vampires that differed in shape, behavior and method of becoming a vampire. All of these factors varied from region to region. In the country of Bulgaria a vampire had only one nostril. This Bulgarian vampire would rise out of it's grave nine days after death in the form of a shower of sparks and remained in this shape for a period of forty days. After th... Free Essays on Vampires Free Essays on Vampires Vampires have been seen and documented throughout history. The history of vampires goes further back in time than most people realize. The chaldeans, who lived near the Euphrates river in the southwestern part of Asia more than five hundred years before the time of Christ , feared vampire or creatures similar to vampires enough so that they created charms to protect themselves from being attacked by such creatures. The Assyrians and the Babylonians feareda creature similar to a vampire known as an Ekimmu. These creatures known asEkimmus were believed by the Assyrians to roam the planet searching for food although it was not always a persons blood but rather a persons' vitality or that persons' energy force. It was believed that if such a creature would enter someone's house that person along with his or her family would slowly weaken, get sick and probably die. In the countries of Syria and Palestine references were made to such blood sucking monsters on ancient carved tablets. In Ireland the people believed in these creatures, which they affectionately came to call "red blood suckers" . Due to their belief in these mythical creatures they began the practice of placing stones on these vampires graves to kep them from escaping.This then became standard practice and is still used to this day in the form of a tombstone. Tombstones were used to control ghosts and other spirits instead of their original use in controlling vampires. Due to the fact that vampires seemed to be so commonplace around the globe, there was a large variety of vampires that differed in shape, behavior and method of becoming a vampire. All of these factors varied from region to region. In the country of Bulgaria a vampire had only one nostril. This Bulgarian vampire would rise out of it's grave nine days after death in the form of a shower of sparks and remained in this shape for a period of forty days. After th...

Summary of the book Thinking Strategically in Turbulent times

Summary of the book Thinking Strategically in Turbulent times The rapid changes in technology have affected the way businesses and organizations operate. Fields such as nanotechnology, computing, communication, biotechnology and genetic engineering are the most affected. There is a lot of competition due to advances in technology.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Summary of the book â€Å"Thinking Strategically in Turbulent times† specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Therefore, managers have been compelled to adjust accordingly in order to cope with the prevailing challenges. In some cases, other businesses are forced to redesign the operations and business processes of their organizations. According to Glassman, Zell and Duron (2005), this gives them a competitive position to respond to the changes in environments that surround the organizations. For this reason, there is dire need for managers to change the way knowledge and information is managed as well as to reinvent str ategically in order to ensure a competitive edge in the long run. The technology that existed some years back is now obsolete and no longer functional. This implies that the advances that are being made in technology will continue to affect the operations of businesses even in the future. For businesses to remain competitive, there are factors that need to be considered especially in the top management levels. These are innovation, competition in the market and the regulation of laws that govern such organizations. All these moves will go a long way in ensuring that businesses and the entire world are politically, socially and economically stable. In view of changing technologies in the market, it is obvious that there are winners and losers. The difference is brought about by the way businesses respond to changes in technology. For instance, most organizations lack contingency plans to cater for such emergencies. When changes in technology are likely to shake the foundation of a bu siness, it is advisable to allocate some funds that can cater for the changes. It is vital to noted that technology is not a cheap aspect to cater for since it has always been an expensive undertaking. The research and design department should work tirelessly in the organizations to make sure that the management allocates enough funds for this purpose. When recruiting staff members, it is vital for managers to strike a balance between technology related expertise and employees who do not require training (Glassman, Zell Duron, 2005). Training in an organization should be emphasized so that the organization’s staff members become conversant with the technology that runs the business. As the organization progresses with time, rules and regulations should be changed regularly. Moreover, managers should be innovative and reuse materials through recycling so that the costs of transformation are reduced to the most minimal level.Advertising Looking for essay on business e conomics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Other organizations that are in quest to satisfy the needs of technological change have centralized the use of technology. According to Aulet (2009), this has encouraged sharing of expensive tools and equipment that are placed in central offices to ensure that less resources are bought in the organization. Use of networks has also assisted in making sure that the shared resources are well managed. The latter enables users to work from a remote location. For instance, the use of networks will help departments share resources such as printers and expensive servers. The network should be made as complex as possible for purpose of security. It should ensure that hackers and other criminals do not take advantage of vulnerabilities of the system. Human behavior affects the manner in which businesses perform. The management should therefore make sound decisions on human resource so that hum an errors are reduced to the lowest possible levels. Human error is a major reason for failure in businesses. Shapiro (2013) explains that conflict management is prudent. Misundertandings and conflicts are common among staff members of any organization. Resistance to change is also likely to occur among the employees. It is upon the managers to communicate change in the right way in order to reduce chances of conflicts related to resistance to change. Fair remuneration helps reduce cases of conflict between employees and the employer. Motivation should be encourages as well. This ensures that staff turnover is minimal and also reduces costs of recruitment and training of new members of staff. Staff experience is treated as an asset. Fair punishment should be done for all members of staff without bias or discrimination. Businesses have changed from the traditional ways of strategy formulation. Strategies no longer fall under mission statements and goals. Today’s technology has affected the way strategy formulation is addressed. It is only those businesses that make short term strategies that have competitive edge in the global economy. The external and internal entities and stake holders of businesses have changed their processes thereby forcing the businesses to change toward the same direction. Managers should ensure that any form of technology that is in place is as simple as possible. Less complicated technology is easy to manage and analyze. The analysis done goes long way in ensuring that forecasting is executed perfectly. During this process, all vulnerabilities and loopholes are closed and the business operates at low risks. There are several forces (both external and internal) that affect the operation of businesses.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Summary of the book â€Å"Thinking Strategically in Turbulent times† specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Moreover, a business en vironment is considered to be turbulent when several aspects of organizational change occur at the same time. Managers have different views on the effects of these forces. When the analysis and consultations are done in the right manner, business managers will be at vantage positions to control the set strategies and turbulent times in the business. References Aulet, K. W. (2009). Business Planning Principles and Applications. Retrieved from http://dig.csail.mit.edu/2010/LinkedData/Presentations/BusinessPlanning.pdf Glassman, M. A., Zell, D. Duron, S. (2005). Thinking strategically in turbulent times: an inside view of strategy making. London: M.E Sharpe. Shapiro, J. (2013). Strategic Planning. Web.

Critically evaluate two settings that professional english counsellors Essay

Critically evaluate two settings that professional english counsellors work in. Discuss the stregths and weaknesses of the setti - Essay Example Therapy aims to reduce the emotional turmoil the client is undergoing and to bring about lasting change for the solution of these problems. With counselling services, clients also seek to improve their health and well-being after the emotional distress that they have been through (Web Healer 2011). Counselling and psychotherapy are both focus on talking to people regarding their problems. However counselling inculcates brief sessions whereas psychotherapy focuses on the deeper issues linked to the history of the clients that concern them. Counselling sessions focus on the solutions of a specific problem in contrast to psychotherapies which are more intense. Counselling has started to rise in the UK due to increased demand, with the numbers tripling in the past decade (Counselling Directory 2011). Counsellors sit in various settings in the UK. Many of them are private while many are working with organizations that have specific premises designated for the counselling sessions. Private counsellors often set up their offices at their homes- a venue preferred by some clients. Moreover there are a number of voluntary organizations functioning in the UK that provide counselling services too. This paper compares and contrasts the counselling services being offered in two settings: a voluntary organization and GP’s surgeries. The voluntary organization chosen is Base 51, whereas the counselling that is associated with GP surgery is based in North Tyneside and is known as the North Tyneside Patient Care Trust (PCT). The North Tyneside PCT is the major leader of NHS in North Tyneside. Base 51 Counselling Service is a volunteer organization functioning in England. The organization believes in the provision of a holistic health care for children and youth aged between 12-25 years. The service is offered full time and mirrors the emotional needs of the clients. The service is available for people residing in the Nottinghamshire area. Base 51 bases its mission stateme nt on the WHO’s definition of health that health refers to the state of emotional and social well being, and not simply the nonexistence of a disease. Keeping this in consideration, Base 51 provides counselling service that is moulded to the needs of the clients. The organization is a health-care project under the HINT (Health Information for Nottingham Teenagers)- a charitable company. Base 51 functions both as a charitable trust and as a limited company operated by HINT. The Board of Trustees regulate the various administerial matters of the trust. Moreover Base 51 receives support from a number of local and national organizations, schools, business and individual figures. These bodies and people provide Base 51 with financial gifts and other gifts such as food and toiletries (Base 51 2011). Base 51 gives equal opportunity to all of its staff- a principle co existing with those of the BACP. Also the organization placed emphasis on professional liability, another element of professional conduct as prescribed by the BACP. Where Base 51 is a volunteer or

Snow by Orhan Pamuk Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Snow by Orhan Pamuk - Essay Example Ka’s friend suggests him to go to a town called Kars, which is at the border of Turkey. Ka’s friend works for a newspaper, and felt it would be best for Ka to move to the border of Turkey with Armenia and Georgia, under the disguise of a newspaper journalist. Kars at this time was facing a number of people committing suicide. Ka started to interview people around this area and tried his best to learn about why the suicides. The increasing numbers of suicides were causing a lot of tensions among the people of the city, especially among the local Muslim people as this was not allowed by religion. It was here that Ka was reunited with a friend called Ipek. Ipek and Ka went back a long way, when Ka had feeling for her. Now Ka was located in the hotel owned by Ipek’s father. It was by this time that Ipek had already been married to a man called Muhtar, however had also been divorced. This was mainly due to the growing interest of Muhtar in the Islami political. Ka and Ipek meet up at a cafà © here the duo witnessed a shoot out of the local director of the Institute of Education by a group of Muslim extremist. This Muslim extremist was from a different city and blamed the director for the death of a young lady called Teslime, as the director had banned head scarves in schools. Following this incident, Ka went to Muhtar, to discuss the experience of finding Islam, which was related to a storm and a meeting a charismatic sheikh called Saadettin Efendi. It was here that the duo was arrested by the police and Muhtar was beaten and Ka was questioned for the death of the minis ter. The first parts of the book are mostly in the view point of a third person. The speech used here is in the third person however in the view point of Ka. The narrator at a number of places seems to tell the story on Ka’s journals and correspondence. The information provided by the narrator at times is before Ka knows about it and