Persuasive speech smoking ban Essay

Each year cigarettes are responsible for about 443,000 deaths, on average this is smokers dying 13 to 14 years sooner than nonsmokers1. Cigarette smoking is a horrible behavior in our daily lives. Smoking is not just horrible, but it also has many serious effects on your health, which are often deadly. There are over 4000 chemicals in cigarettes, hundreds to which are toxic to your body2. Smoking is a terrible and disgusting habit, because second hand smoke affects the ones around you, it can cause cancer and other health related diseases, and also the cost of cigarettes cause people to spend an outrageous amount of money. Smoking cigarettes isn’t always negative when it comes to the way you live your life and the effects it has on your health. It can ease the signs and symptoms of stress. The ‘pick me up’ you feel after smoking a cigarette only lasts for a short period of time before you need another cigarette because your craving the nicotine3. The good feeling that nicotine gives you, draws you back to want one more cigarette. Smoking is really just hurting you and the people around you. Stress is something that is going to be around your whole life so it is better to find other way to cope without smoking. Second hand smoke affects the people around you. A smoker does effect close coworkers and family members. Most of the smoke from a burning cigarette isn’t sucked down into the lungs of a smoker, but let out into the open air to be inhaled by anyone. Second hand smoke can cause heart disease, lung cancer, and the risk of SIDs which is something that can instantly kill infants. When it comes to babies and children there are many other complications that can affect them. The Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) says 4that each year in the United States secondhand smoke causes an estimated 46,000 premature deaths from heart disease and an estimated 3,400 deaths each year from lung cancer in nonsmokers. Secondhand smoke contains more than 250 chemicals known to be toxic or cancer causing5. Children or babies exposed to this secondhand smoke are inhaling many of the same cancer causing substances as smokers are. Since 1964, 34 separate US Surgeon General’s reports have been written to make the public aware of the health issues linked to tobacco and secondhand smoke. The ongoing research used in these reports still supports the fact that tobacco and second hand smoke are linked to serious health problems that could be prevented6. According to the CDC SIDS is the sudden, unexplained, unexpected death of an infant in the first year of life, it is the leading cause of death in otherwise healthy infants. 7Chemicals in secondhand smoke appear to affect the brain in ways that interfere with its regulation of infants’ breathing. On average, Children are exposed to more secondhand smoke than nonsmoking adults. Cigarettes cause health risks that affect you in a negative way. Cigarettes contain arsenic, formaldehyde, lead, hydrogen cyanide, nitrogen oxide, carbon monoxide, ammonia, and 43 known carcinogens. They contain more than 4,000 ingredients which when burned, also produce compound chemicals8. Cigarettes can cause cancer, heart disease, stroke, lung disease, emphysema, bronchitis, chronic airway obstructions, and many other health related diseases. Cigarette smoking may also lead to changes in the smokers’ appearance over longer periods of time like wrinkling skin and yellowing of the teeth. In the United States, smoking is responsible for about one in five deaths annually which is about 443,00 deaths a year9. On average, smokers die 13 to14 years early then nonsmokers. In a specific case involving Shane, a 44 year old man who started smoking when he was 18 and was only 34 when his body became damaged from smoking. He discovered he had throat cancer, and had to get his larynx removed, part of his esophagus and collarbone. Part of his stomach had to be reshaped and stretched to serve as an esophagus. Now he speaks with an electro larynx and has a 1inch stoma in his neck so he can breathe. Even after being smoke free since 2003 his smoking still affects him, he just recently found out that he now has cancer in his chest10. Smoking increases your odds of life ending shorter because of avoidable health diseases that you could have easily prevented from not smoking. The amount of money people spend on cigarettes is a ridiculous amount, which could be spent on something more important. In the long run it hurts people when you invest in cigarettes and not in other things like bank accounts or safe stocks. The cigarette industry spends billions of dollars investing and promoting. According to the CDC cigarette smoking costs more than $193 billion a year, which is $97 billion in lost productivity plus $96 billion in health care expenditures11. Cigarettes aren’t cheap and quitting or never starting can save you money now and can also keep you from spending money on health problems in the future. For example if cigarettes are an average $5. 50 for the cost of a pack of cigarettes and a smoker smokes a pack every day, in a month you would be spending $165 on cigarettes, when you could really save that much every month. If you saved this much every month, in five years you could have $9,900, $19,800 in ten years, and $39,600 in twenty years. Before you start just smoking think of the weekly spending you would be doing on just a pack of cigarettes when you could be doing something more important with your money. Smoking is a horrible choice and risk that affects you and the people around you in a negative way. There are many effects of smoking cigarettes, for example second hand smoke and the affect it has on people who are nonsmokers, they cause health risks that can cause death, and also it causes people to spend unnecessary amounts of money. Cigarettes are temporary thing that makes you feel good for a while, but overall the long term affects are dangerous to your life.

Prison Overcrowding Essay

Abstract This research paper is to explore the impact of prison overcrowding. The United States has a, what seems to be everlasting, prison overcrowding problem. Not only does the United States have this dilemma, but also many other countries have overcrowded prisons as well. Many issues need to be addressed; ways to reduce the prison populations and how to effectively reduce prison cost without jeopardizing community safety are major issues that need attention. Successfully rehabilitating inmates can play an important role in the fight to Prison Overcrowding There are overcrowded prisons all over the world. In 2011, the United States federal prisons housed around 219,000 inmates. In 1980, the United States federal prison population was 25,000. A total of 1,598,780 adults were incarcerated in county jails and federal and state prisons at the end of 2011, according to Urban Institute. There are many issues that need to be revisited until there is a solution. A number of impacts are the product of the overcrowded prisons. Health, safety of inmates and correctional staff, as well as, economical problems all need some solution, and quickly. Not only are prisons affected, communities are also directly and indirectly affected by prison overcrowding. Even though the government can’t just start releasing prisoners that haven’t served their full sentences to reduce the populations, the cost of incarceration, the health and safety of inmates and staff, and the affect that overcrowding has on communities are all issues that cannot be put on a back burner. With United States prisons being filled 38 percent above their capacity, some issues are of greater importance than others when it comes to the overcrowding of prisons. How to decrease prison populations is the main objective. California has started a program that has reduced prison populations significantly. Nonviolent, non-serious, non-sexual offenders are sentenced to local facilities like county jails  instead of state prison. The Department of Corrections has programs that alternative to incarceration and are more cost effective that have been given more funding in recent years also. The cost of incarceration, and the effect it has on the economy, in the United States is a major issue. It is very costly to house inmates in prison every year. An article in Impaired Driver Update. Show that it cost $27,000 to hold one inmate for a year, and that approximately $50 billion a year is spent on incarceration. It cost 20 times more to have an inmate incarceration than to have them on probation. Of $50 billion dollars spent on correction, $6.8 billion is spent on probation. An article published in Federal Probation in 2013 states, â€Å"recidivism rates average between 43 and 67 percent and supervision violators constitute on third of the persons admitted to state correctional facilities,† and â€Å"on, average, persons under supervision have five prior arrest; 16 percent violated a federal, state, or local community supervision, and 8 percent have a history of absconding.† Sentencing offenders to alternative programs would help cut cost and also help decrease prison overcrowding. Alternative programs for offenders in lieu of prison or inmate programs that help rehabilitate offenders and prepare them for re-entry co uld also help prison overcrowding. If inmates are able to attend programs for drug treatment, social disorders, and dealing with issues like abuse as a child the prison population could decrease. Inmates that have successfully rehabilitated have contributed to society and thus show that more money towards rehabilitation instead of incarceration could have a positive impact on population and society. In 2012, supervisees paid around $645 million in restitution, fines, and assessments. They contributed $4 million in community service. If more inmates are successfully rehabilitated an estimation in the Federal Probation shows that a savings of around $115 million could be cut of the budget with supervisees contributing by paying taxes, supporting dependents rather than on welfare, satisfying ordered financial obligations, and performing community service. The probation system cannot solve the whole overcrowding problem but could help immensely. Inmates that are released from prison that have no family, no real friends, no one to help them are really set up to fail off the top. They are given $200 and sent out to survive in what is one of the most expensive countries in the world. $200 now days will not even get you a hotel room for a week.  So many of them revert to selling drugs, stealing, or worse to manage. If there were more programs to help find them housing, employment opportunities and teach them how to be productive members of society, maybe the prison population would continue to decrease. There are also many effects of prison overcrowding on inmates and correctional staff health as well as the effects on correctional staff safety. The Corrections Manager Report in Dec/Jan 2014 reports an incident of a BOP officer killed, â€Å"while working alone in a unit housing 130 inmates.† The Urban Institute also states, â€Å"health and safety hazards from over used toilets, showers, and food service equipment,â⠂¬  are some of the many issues that need to be addressed. The Supreme Court ruled that California prisons were so bad they violated the 8th amendment and CDRC needed to reduce prison population by 30,000 inmates. Releasing inmates also has an effect on communities. When inmates are release it can affect their communities. If in the future there are more alternatives to incarceration to help reduce prison population people will be affected. Of course, not all inmates are going to follow their rehabilitation program and their offense will affect their community. They many rob, steal, or possibly assault someone in their community. They could begin to sale drugs that can also directly affect a community. There are positive ways though too that the community could be affected and the community could also positively affect the offender by participating or starting programs that help offenders start following a new path, and become successful members of society. Some communities have started outreach programs that help offenders. By having alternative programs available to offenders, who meet certain criteria it will help with the prison overcrowding problem that much of the United States continues to have a serious problem with. Prison overcrowding is a serious problem all over the world. It has economic effects. Prison overcrowding also has health risk to inmates as well as correctional staff. Safety risk for both inmates and correctional staff pose a great problem to with prisons being overcrowded. There are both pros and cons when it comes to effects on communities with this issue. Although we can’t just start releasing inmates to solve prison overcrowding, we can start focusing on ways to solve this problem. Prison overcrowding is a very complicated issue and should be given great attention by Congress, the Board of Prisons, and the Department of Justice. References Gershenhorn, Karen & Myers Ryan. 2013. Prison Math. Impaired Driver. Winter 2013. Vol. 17. Issue 1, p 5-19. Harding, Richard. 1987. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology. Australian Academic Press. Mar.1987. Vol. 20 Issue 1, p 50-62. Mobley, Alan & Owen, Barbara. 2012. Western Criminology Review. Aug. 2012. Volume 13. Issue 2. p 46-57. Rowland, Mathew. 2013. Federal Probation. Sept. 2013. Volume 77. Issue 2. p 12-12. Schiffner, Bill. 2013. Corrections Forum. July/Aug 2013. Vol. 22. Issue 4, p. 38-39

Same Sex Marriages Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Same Sex Marriages - Research Paper Example Emotional understanding takes place between two persons when they start believing each other. Love, care, and trust are those key factors that play an important role in creating and maintaining affectionate feelings in the minds of the individuals involved in the relationship. However, one thing, which must me mentioned, is that feelings of love and care are not gender specific. It is not necessary that these feelings always arise between the individuals belonging to opposite genders. Sometimes the feelings of love and care also arise between the individuals belonging to the same gender. Those feelings become the reason for any two individuals from the same gender to get involved in a relationship between each other, which is referred to as same sex marriage. The government of the United States of America does not allow same sex marriages. The government of America believes that marriage is a sacred relationship, which should always involve the individuals from the opposite sexes whereas gay or lesbian marriages result in destroying the basic sprit of the relationship of marriage. â€Å"The biggest problem affecting same sex marriage is geography† (Dunn). However, in some states of America, courts have allowed people to do same sex marriages. Some of those states include Massachusetts, Vermont, and Connecticut. The courts of these states declared that marriage is a civil right, so gays and lesbians also possess this right (Cahill 4). In these states, although people belonging to same sexes are allowed to get tied in marital relationships with each other, yet their marriages or living status as a couple is not very much accepted by the majority of the US population. One of the major problems, which the same sex marriage couples face, is the discouraging behavior of the societies. Majority of people usually do not encourage same sex marriages because they think that such marriages are just for the fulfillment of sexual desires instead of making

Question 1 business ethic report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Question 1 business ethic report - Essay Example Common ethical issues faced by international businesses include personal working conditions, child labor, and corruption among others. These issues create dilemmas to management, hence the need for a business to develop its own strategies to deal with them. Ethical issues and dilemmas may arise in four levels. These include individual or professional level, organizational level, industrial level, and societal and international level. In individual or professional level, a person faces pressure from conflicting interests or in circumstances that call for decision-making. At this level, ethical dilemmas may originate from personal situations or pressure from work. An individual or personal dilemma may spread problems in the organization if not dealt with early enough (Weiss, 2008, p. 98). Organizational level involves the duty of the business to the shareholders and stakeholders. Business will find itself in a dilemma with these two parties if it carries out unethical practices. For ex ample, the case of the American Airlines, where the company had to stop more than 900 flights in 2008 with the f correcting errors found in the wheels of these planes. This situation had put very many people at risk of death or harm (Weiss, 2008, p. 98). In industrial level, the company staff or workforce may be influenced to carry out some functions in the industry. Some of the business practices undertaken by businesses in an industry are unethical or illegal. Individual, professional, organizational, and industrial practices may conflict with those of societal and international levels. For instance, during the payment of cash to the government and offering tips to employees in a certain country may be unacceptable practices, but in certain countries such practices may be illegal and unethical, hence will be considered as bribery (Weiss, 2008, p. 99). Ethical behaviors According to David Smith, there are three types of ethical behaviors. These include universal base code, which re fers to behaviors that are acceptable all over the world. These are codes of conduct that do not change with time and are affected by geographical and culture of people. Super imposed codes change with culture, region and time. Lastly, legal codes or laws, according to David laws are full of limitations as measures of ethics. The current legal framework supports capitalism which has always been considered wrong. At this point, I will share my sentiments with Smith that, an individual’s views on what is ethical or unethical depends on where he or she is located. For example, many countries in the world have zero tolerance on drug trafficking and abuse. A country like Dubai, a drug dealer is likely to be sentenced to hanging while in some countries; some hardcore drugs are still legal. A person may commit an act that to others is immoral and unethical, but the person could still get support some individual especially of the same culture. With this in mind, SIG came up with its own means and plan to help in making ethical decisions. The ethical framework Each company should have a measure of standard to warn against any deviation from ethical practices. An organization should keep in mind laws governing completion in different companies, corruption, policies on human rights and safety of both employees and customers especially in the communist countries. Smith during his lecture suggested that businesses longing to succeed should not consider

Britta Riede Harrison Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Britta Riede Harrison - Essay Example These social techniques include driving, analytical, amiable and expressive. The four social styles the leader should know fall into three dimensions; responsiveness, versatility, assertiveness. Assertiveness is gauged from one’s tendencies to tell or ask in interacting with others. The â€Å"ask† tendency is more reserved whereas the â€Å"tell† tendency is more outgoing. Responsiveness is a perception of one by others as to whether he displays control in situations or shows his feelings and emotions. In this dimension, one can be more emoting or more controlling. Responsiveness can be expressed verbally based on the tone, subjects being discussed and the descriptions given, and non-verbally based on gestures, body postures and facial expressions. When fitted into these three dimensions, definite traits manifest in the 4 social forms. Knowing these traits is crucial for anyone in a leadership position. For instance, as he can understand himself and his subordinates better and possibly predict their reactions when faced with different situations. He is also able to assess his own character intelligently and make necessary adjustments. Analytical style is characterised by seriousness, exaction, indecision and manifestation of logic. Driving style is characterised by one being independent, formal, practical and dominating. Amiable style is characterised by dependability; supportive, pliable and openness and expressive style is characterised by animation, impulsive, being forceful and opinionated. Identifying ones social style is very critical in dealing with tension as a leader. You get to know how others perceive you, how to go about tension and other’s back-up styles and to talk about other’s tension but not one’s own in conversations. It is true that some tension is needed for optimum productivity, but too much tension lowers productivity and so does too little tension. Relationships go down in the

The Reasons of Abolishing Marriage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Reasons of Abolishing Marriage - Essay Example The other thing that is proposed by the author of the article is to allow marriage between two men of the same sex, to let three men get married, or let a person marry himself etc. This argument destroys the notion of a civil marriage as of a cell integrated into the society and, to some extent, detached from the adjacent cells. It is necessary to have a definition of what marriage is, of the relations that connect the spouses and the nature of the relations between them. Originally the marriage as the social institution was seen as a union of a man and woman who love each other and join to live together and give birth to children. This understanding of the marriage and family defined traditional state policies that are directed to the support of families and the kids. In case this traditional notion of the marriage is lost, the social system of supporting the family will be destroyed and replaced by nothing. The sense of a family as regards to the society in general will be lost als o. As the author admits, the abolishing of the civil marriage may lead to a mess in the sphere of the relations between the members of the family in case of living together, as well as in case of divorce. Moreover, it would be impossible to define the degree of the responsibility that in civil marriage lies upon the parents towards their children. The questions concerning the inheritance often confuse the judges at present, so it is impossible to conceive what the situation would be when nobody knows what relations connect the members of the so-called family.

Annotated Biblography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Annotated Biblography - Essay Example Like other groups such as slaves, servants and non propertied men, women were mainly understood to be deficient in the independent needed of republican citizens. Fiske, John; the American revolution, Boston: Houghton and Co, 1891. Print.. Regardless of the revolutionary pledge of equality and liberty for all individuals, neither was extended to female. Nevertheless, their lives were changed in other myriad manners. Several white women in the eighteenth century spent the whole days carrying out task around and within household. Household upkeep and management needed incredible amounts of backbreaking work, without the help of modern labor saving gadgets. Women use to sew and laundering clothes and spun wool and flax by hands. They milked cows, tendered, fed and butchered animals and churned milk into cheese and butter. They also brewed beer raised fowls and sold their eggs, preserved vegetables, and as well as producing households necessities, such as soap and candle and cooked for th eir families. Regarding to Fiske, women were not treated equally with men during the colonial peridd. Francis, Philip. Legal status of women. 2d ed. Dobbs Ferry, N.Y.: Oceana Publications, 1978. Print. This book seeks to explore the duties that were carried out by women during the colonial period. The main arduous and dangerous duty women used to carry was to bear children. During the middle of eighteenth century women use to gave birth to around five and eight children, mainly in between other pregnancies that ended up in miscarriage. Generally one in eight to anticipate losing their lives in childbearing, and several others lived via the experience only to watch their children die. The revolution politicized a number of these households’ duties. Women were initially drawn into the struggle as the consumers, with male patriots persuading them to indulge in the movement embargo British goods during the 1760s and 1770s. Consequently, custom domestic chores, evidenced, for inst ance, in the manner homespun clothing or the rejection to consume imported staples arise as a national defiance in contrast to British measures. The non-importation groups that promised to curtail the application of stimulate and luxuries domestic industries specifically appealed to rural women, indulging them into the resistance group for their first time. Hoffman, Peter, and Ronald, women in the age of American Revolution. Charlottesville; published by the university press of Virginia, 1989. Print. Revolutionary conflict confronted women directly. As male regarded as households leaders took up arms, a number o women assumed the duty of running business and firms alone. Across all the colonies, war stipulated steep inflation, leading to a growing militancy among those were no capable of feeding their families. Riots broke out in several towns, mainly directed at merchants who were considered to be hoarding food or inflating prices unfairly, and female led generally a third of these behaviors. Hoffman, Peter, and Ronald, women in the age of American Revolution. Charlottesville; published by the university press of Virginia, 1989. Print. In spite of women active participation in revolutionary era, women attained few new legal or political rights as a result. This was not for lack of argument around the problem of women’s role as citizens. Eighteenth century upheavals were motivated by the Enlightenment faith in worldwide human rationality and a pledge of

Communicating During a Downsizing Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 28

Communicating During a Downsizing - Case Study Example The slogan for the operation is â€Å"transformation with reaffirmation† meaning that change is inevitable but there is always a reason for it. Through a deep deliberation, it is decided that the best method to inform the employees that they are being let go is the use of the face to face communication due to how serious the issue is. It is important to explain to the employees the need for change, the method of handling it, and the necessary support available to the hospital employees. Much control is to be given to the employees and for this reason the use of open communication. Employees willing to undergo early retirement are to forward their details. Basing on the respond the action can be taken to layoff those willing and save those willing to remain. Those laid off are to undergo counseling, attend workshops on resume building, issued with recommendations from the hospital, and anything that is of benefit to the career of the employee and life (Lehman & Dufrene, 2011). A clear timeframe for the layoff events is created so that everyone is aware of the sequence of events for the layoff. It helps in ensuring that everyone has the desired information about the process. A track record of how the employees are coping with the change is formulated through a series of records to ensure a seamless flow of events. It gives a control tool to help when the need arises. However, the process is not expected to be definite as there is no easy layoff but the aim of the communication is to ensure that the employees understand the need for change. The plan is also to help the hospital maintain its reputation and do what it has done (Lehman & Dufrene, 2011).   The hospital is faced with a situation where 200 employees out of 1500 should downsize. It is a fact that the hospital does not operate in isolation but in the environment that needs consideration in effecting the step. The general public is another element to consider in effecting the issue. The government, the local community, the investors and other friends of the hospitals to be put into consideration (Clampitt, 2009).  

Business Excellence Model Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Business Excellence Model - Essay Example Quality is the key because any process completed without the expected quality will be abhorred by the intended customers, leading to problems for the organization. So, Total Quality Management (TQM) is the management function, which should be incorporated in all the processes that will happen in an organization. Furthermore, if Excellence is inbuilt into that TQM, then there will be optimal quality in all the processes, making organization’s every initiative a successful endeavour. So, this paper by focusing on the term â€Å"Excellence† from the perspective of TQM, will discuss how excellence can be managed optimally in an organization. According to princeton.edu, Excellence can be defined as the â€Å"quality of excelling and also possessing good qualities of highest degree†. The term gives the same meaning when analyzed from the organizational perspective as well. That is, when the organization produces products or offers services, they have to incorporate quality in it. Only if there is quality, it can succeed, otherwise it will be disliked by the customers. While trying to maintain that quality, the organization will also or should also try to achieve excellence. This state of excellence could be some thing that is set by the organization themselves or by certain external agencies. So, only if organizations achieve excellence in quality, it can reach the ‘minds’ of the customers, then entice them and eventually ‘push’ them to buy the organization’s products or use their services. â€Å"Quality is ensuring everything we do has the customer in mind... Quality is about buil ding reputation, performance and an attitude of winning in everything we do.† (Zafirovski) The leader or the management team should always put a lot of emphasis on the concept of TQM, to provide a quality end product or service to the customer. TQM is â€Å"an organizational undertaking to improve the quality of manufacturing and service. It focuses on obtaining continuous

What are the main features of Christian teaching and practice, church Essay

What are the main features of Christian teaching and practice, church organization and life which distinguish Eastern Orthodoxy, Roman Catholicism, and Protestantism from one another - Essay Example In fact, the division of the religion occurred itself for the division of faith and the way of teaching pertaining to the religion and owing to various area. Roman Catholicism, which is the most popular among the three on the global perspective and have more than 1 billion members, believes in the reconciliation amidst all the smaller divisions within the religion. The Catholicism emphasizes in religious hierarchy and comprises precisely of those churches that are headed by bishops in communion with Pope, the supreme commandant of all the catholic churches. The Catholics trace their origin in apostolic succession which is believed to be found directly by Jesus Christ. The Eastern Orthodoxy finds their communion in Patriarchal Sees of the East and are is quite similar to the Roman Catholics that trace their origin through Apostolic Succession. The churches under this regime give recognition to the first three councils which are ecumenical namely Nicaea, Constantinople and Ephesus. These divisions of Christianity reject the definitions of the Council of Chalcedon and in its place, emphasizes on the Miaphysite Christology. The Eastern Orthodoxy also focuses upon the autonomy of individuals. The Protestants are the orthodox followers of Christianity and many of them identify themselves as â€Å"Christians or born-again Christians†. They maintain a neat distance with the typical confessionals of the Christian communities adhering to other faiths. Protestants strongly deviate from the faith of denominational. They declare themselves strongly as â€Å"non-denominational†. This religious segment is often guided by individual pastors and they have very little affiliation with historical

Sarojini Naidu Essay Example for Free

Sarojini Naidu Essay Sarojini Naidu, also known by the sobriquet as The Nightingale of India, Naidu was born in 13 February 1879 in Hyderabad to a Bengali Hindu Kulin Brahmin family of Agorenath Chattopadhyay and Barada Sundari Devi. Her father was a doctor of science from Edinburgh University, settled in Hyderabad State, where he founded and administered the Ahmadabad College, which later became the Nizams College in Ahmadabad. Her mother was a poetess baji and used to write poetry in Bengali. Sarojini Naidu was the eldest among the eight siblings. Education Sarojini Naidu passed her Matriculation examination from the University of Madras. She took four years break from her studies and concentrated upon studying various subjects. In 1895, she travelled to England to study first at Kings College London and later at Girton College, Cambridge. Marriage During her stay in England, Sarojini met Dr. Muthyala Govindarajulu Naidu, a non-Brahmin and a doctor by profession, and fell in love with him. After finishing her studies at the age of 19, she got married to him in 1898 during the time when inter-caste marriages were not allowed. Her father approved the marriage and her marriage was a very happy one. The couple had five children. Jayasurya, Padmaja, Randheer, Nilawar and Leelamani. Qualities of Sarojini Naidu Sarojini Naidu was truly one of the gems of the 20th century, a child prodigy, Indian independence activist and poet. Naidu was one of the framers of the Indian Constitution. Sarojini came through as a fragile woman, but an indomitable spirit, forward-minded and always open to new ideas, self-disciplined, optimistic, forward-looking and utterly free from prejudice of caste, creed, race, gender, nationality and religion, determined to fight for the cause of Indian women but above all for Hindu-Muslim unity. She was famous for her wit and humour, for her capacity to laugh at herself and such was her closeness to Mahatma Gandhi that she could call him Micky Mouse and a man on whom riches had to be spent to keep him poor. Sarojini was a die-hard bourgeois liberal, a faithful espouser of her party line but and events. Indian Freedom Fighter Sarojini Naidu (extreme right) with Mahatma Gandhi during Salt Satyagraha, 1930 Sarojini Naidu joined the Indian national movement in the wake of partition of Bengal in 1905. She briefed the struggles of freedom for independence to the political stalwarts of European nations, she had visited. She came into contact with Gopal Krishna Gokhale, who later introduced her to the stalwarts of the Indian freedom movement. She met Mahatma Gandhi, Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, Annie Beasant, C. P. Ram swami Iyer and Muhammad Ali Jinnah. With such an encouraging environment, Sarojini later moved on to become leader of the Indian National Congress. She traveled extensively to the United States of America and many European countries as the flag-bearer of the Indian Nationalist struggle. During 1915-1918, she travelled to different regions in India delivering lectures on social welfare, women empowerment and nationalism. She awakened the women of India and brought them out of the kitchen. In 1916, she took up the cause of the indigo workers of Champaran in the western district of Bihar. She also helped to establish the Womens Indian Association (WIA) in 1917. She was sent to London along with Annie Besant, President of WIA, to present the case for the womens vote to the Joint Select Committee. In March 1919, the British government passed the Rowlatt Act by which the possession of seditious documents was deemed illegal. Mahatma Gandhi organized the Non-Cooperation Movement to protest and Naidu was the first to join the movement. Besides, Sarojini Naidu also actively campaigned for the Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms, the Khilafat issue, the Sabarmati Pact, the Satyagraha Pledge and the Civil Disobedience Movement. In 1919, she went to England as a member of the all-India Home Rule Deputation. In January 1924, she was one of the two delegates of the Indian National Congress Party to attend the East African Indian Congress. President of the Congress In 1925, she was elected as the President of the Indian National Congress Party and presided over the annual session of Indian National Congress at Cawnpore (now Kanpur). In 1929, she presided over East African Indian congress in South Africa. In 1931, she attended the round table conference with Mahatma Gandhi and Madan Mohan Malaviya. Sarojini Naidu played a leading role in the civil disobedience movement. In 1942, Sarojini Naidu was arrested during the â€Å"Quit India† movement and was jailed for more than a year. Sarojini Naidu was the first woman Governor of Uttar Pradesh. Her chairmanship of the Asian Relations Conference in 1947 was highly-appraised. Poem hunter Sarojini Naidu was a brilliant student. She was proficient in Urdu, Telugu, English, Bengali, and Persian. At the age of twelve, Sarojini Naidu attained national fame when she topped the matriculation examination at Madras University. Her father wanted her to become a mathematician or scientist but Sarojini Naidu was interested in poetry. Once she was working on an algebra problem, and when she couldnt find the solution she decided to take a break, and in the same book she wrote her first inspired poetry. She got so enthused by this that she wrote The Lady of the Lake, a poem 1300 lines long. When her father saw that she was more interested in poetry than mathematics or science, he decided to encourage her. With her fathers support, she wrote the play Maher Muneer in the Persian language. Dr. Chattopadhyaya distributed some copies among his friends and sent one copy to the Nawab of Hyderabad. Reading a beautiful play written by a young girl, the Nizam was very impressed. The college gave her a scholarship to study abroad. At the age of 16 she got admitted to Kings College of England and later at Girton College, Cambridge. There she met famous laureates of her time such as Arthur Symons and Edmond Gosse. It was Gosse who convinced Sarojini to stick to Indian themes-Indias great mountains, rivers, temples, social milieu, to express her poetry. She depicted contemporary Indian life. Sarojini’s prose compares poorly with her poetry, but both are recognised for their emotional warmth and extravagant and high-faulting vocabulary. Her collections The golden threshold (1905), The bird of time (1912), and The broken wing (1912), the sceptred flute (1943), the feather of the dawn (1961)†, the Indian weavers (1971)† attracted huge Indian and English readership. Her poems were admired by many prominent Indian politicians like Gopal Krishna Gokhale. Her poems were lyrical with a heightening of sensuality in the imagery, until every sense is stimulated to excess. In the Bazaars of Hyderabad is a 19th-century poem. The poem is written in five paragraphs and it was published in her collection of poems The Bird of Time (1912) published from London, where she was attending higher studies. Naidu has described the beauty of a traditional Hyderabadi Bazaar. In this poem Sarojini Naidu describes the magnificent things of life along with common scenes in the Bazaars of Hyderabad; the poem is set in the form of conversation between customers and vendors. The variety of activities and its colorfulness is vividly represented by the poetess to present an awesome picture of Indian culture. Each line of the poem contains rhythm and a beat, and the sequence What do you and O ye mark the rhyme scheme of the poem, and the poet often repeat these words, phrases, lines to create a musical effect to emphasize a point to draw attention to a point and to lend unity to a piece. To present the pictorial scene of the bazaar, Naidu has used rich sensory images-feel of touch, sense of sound, smell, sight and taste vibrantly. Naidu presented the lively pictorial scenes of merchants, vendors, peddlers, goldsmiths, fruit men and flower girls selling their goods, they all similarly answer to the questions of purchaser who buy their articles after a detail bargaining. She presented the scene of the music produced by traditional instruments played by the musicians and the chantings of the magicians, the fruits like citron, pomegranate and plum are being sold by the fruit-men, while the vendors are weighing saffron, lentil and rice. The fragrance of sandalwood and henna can be smelt along with the smell of flowers which are woven into chaplets and garlands. One can see the richness of wares in the bazaar; the poetess has mentioned coloures such as crimson, purple, silver, amber, azure and red. This shows what all goods are sold in a Hyderabadi bazaar. Turbans of crimson and silver, tunics of purple brocade, mirrors with panels of amber, daggers with handle of jade, chessmen, ivory dice, anklets, wristlets, rings, bells for the feet of blue pigeons, girdles of gold, and scabbards for the king are all examples of the expensive wares sold in the bazaars of Hyderabad. Sadly, few textbooks published in India on poetry carry her poems.

Technology Ethics in the Classroom Essay Example for Free

Technology Ethics in the Classroom Essay Carolyn Smith EDU-225 Instructional Technology July 10, 2011 Kathleen Sherbon Technology Ethics I the Classroom Every day, businesses, schools, and individuals depend on computers to perform a variety of significant tasks. Such as tracking sales, recording student grades, creating reports, Web, and sending e-mail. People increasingly rely on computers to create, store, and manage critical information, so it is important to ensure that computers and software are protected from loss, damage, and misuse. School districts, for example, must take precautions to guarantee that student information, such as grades, attendance rates, personal and family data, and learning problems, is protected from loss and kept confidential Gary B. Shelly (2010). In 2000, congress passed the children’s internet protection act (CIPA) in order to protect children from obscene and graphic materials with in most school districts. The universal natural of the internet it is of the up most important to protect our students online with the ever changing technology and lack of decorum, the internet can be rude and take advantage of others. In order to protect my students from internet predators and any inappropriate material I need to add internet safety to the classroom curriculum so that the student can have a constant prompt on how to use the internet safely. Talking to parents about internet policy, also have parents and students sign a technology agreement that has all the rules and consequence for parent and students to read before student is able to use school technology.

Reflection On Placement Experience

Reflection On Placement Experience The Ipswich Womens Centre Against Domestic Violence is a feminist community based organisation committed to working towards the elimination of domestic and family violence throughout the community. The primary focus of IWCADV is to provide support to women and children survivors of domestic and family violence. This includes telephone information, referral and support services, court support for women, counselling services, group work and childrens work. During my placement experience as a womens counsellor at IWCADV I first spent a few weeks developing my understanding of the issues involved in domestic violence and the systems that are in place to support women and children who are survivors of domestic and family violence. My knowledge of the issues affecting women and children experiencing domestic and family violence includes an understanding of the emotional impacts of abuse (such as feelings of grief and loss, anger, guilt, depression, trauma), the loss of personal and physical security, safety concerns, the financial costs, family law and other legal issues, and power and control imbalances in relationships. I have developed my knowledge of the issues affecting women and children experiencing domestic and family violence in my university studies and my work experience. The understanding that I gained from my University studies was enhanced during my student placement at the Ipswich Womens Centre Against Domestic Violence. It was here that I developed my understanding of feminist perspectives on domestic and family violence, including the individual, familial, legal and social issues. In this role I was able to develop my understanding of feminist informed practises and techniques. I support this framework for practice as it can empower women and help them find their voice, encouraging women who have experienced the loss of control to make choices about their own life and to take responsibility for their life choices and to take back control. I worked from within a feminist framework to empower the client to find her voice and to discover her worth and make her own choices. In my role as a student counsellor at IWCADV I provided crisis support and advocacy work to women who have experienced domestic and family violence. During the beginning counselling sessions, I found it was quite difficult to always follow the story and set direction for the counselling. I took a strengths based narrative approach and usually after 2 -3 sessions a clearer picture had developed of the clients experience with domestic violence, and this continued to unfold throughout the counselling sessions. One of the most personally rewarding aspects of my counselling experience was the opportunity to explore and experience symbol and sand tray therapy. I spent some time reading Sandplay and Symbol Work Emotional healing and personal development with children, adolescents and adults by Mark Pearson and Helen Wilson to prepare for my personal experience with symbols and sand tray therapy during my professional supervision sessions. I then had the opportunity to introduce one of my counselling clients to the sand tray. Whilst I did have feelings of uncertainty about my ability to facilitate the process, I did feel comfortable enough with the setting and with my client to create a safe place for self-discovery and self-awareness. She was very open to the process and we both found this to be an enjoyable and meaningful experience. My client reported that this was a very positive experience for her and allowed her to process some of her experiences with domestic violence and that it was a breakthrough for her in terms of learning to accept and value herself. I felt that it was an honour to share this part of my clients journey. With another client who was directed by the Department of Child Safety to attend counselling, setting the direction for each session was more difficult. I did not believe that this woman was ready to explore some of the emotional issues related to the trauma that she had experienced as a result of long term domestic violence. I was encouraged by her regular attendance and I believe that this was a result of my increasing ability to develop rapport. I was able to develop good rapport with my clients by being non-judgemental, using open ended questions and appropriate body language. I believe that my skill in developing rapport is reflected by the feedback and regular attendance to counselling sessions by my clients. I did struggle with ending the sessions on time and frequently found that sessions with some clients were running over 1.5 hours long. I spoke with some of the other workers at the service about this and they agreed that it could be difficult especially when women are exploring very painful issues and that it was important to be sensitive but direct when closing a counselling session. The group supervision times that I was included in at IWCADV were also very rewarding and inspiring times for me. The other workers at the service were all very passionate women with a strong commitment to empowering women and changing community attitudes about violence towards women. During group supervision there was opportunity and support for workers to reflect on their own feelings of despair and helplessness, and there was encouragement to extend and share your knowledge and understanding of the issues relating to domestic and family violence. The group times were also very rewarding team building occasions and there is a strong commitment at the service to supporting one another. For example, I found that after long phone calls or after a counselling session, another worker would check-in with me to provide any support and to answer any questions that I had.

Anthony Trollopes: An Eye for an Eye :: Ethics Morals Anthony Trollope

Anthony Trollope's: An Eye for an Eye Anthony Trollope's intense commitment to drawing for his readers a picture of the world as it actually is, to creating a fictional reality in which they "might recognise human beings like to themselves" (Autobiography 145), can obscure the depth and sincerity of his concern with the moral dilemmas confronting the characters he has so painstakingly rendered lifelike. But as the startlingly candid passage quoted above from the Autobiography reveals, Trollope's purposes in his fiction are not merely descriptive, but normative as well; he sets out both to show us "the way we live now" and to direct our attention to questions that are in the broadest sense ethical: how ought we to live? His unflagging desire to "please," however, and his firm belief in the primacy of characterization among the novelist's tasks render the extraction of his "system of ethics" from his novels a delicate and difficult task: his characters are, ineluctably, individuals and unlike those populating the works of more overtly "philosophical" novelists, cannot often be taken as unproblematic representatives of an abstract quality larger than themselves. Trollope's "system" is to be an ethics of everyday life, one that takes as its province situations irreducible to arid formulae. Close examination of the late novel An Eye for an Eye illustrates both the nuanced, even protean, subtlety of Trollopean ethics and the ways in which his moral code is complicated by the gender, class, and national dimensions of the life he portrays so vividly. The novel, in its remarkably evenhanded treatment of the agonizing choice facing a young English aristocrat who seduces and impregnates an Irish girl of disreputable provenance, displays a sophisticated and sympathetic understanding of the manner in which larger social and historical forces impinge on the decisions we make as supposedly free moral agents. The story dramatizes the tension between two approaches to moral problems: on one hand, there is what we might call an ethics of particulars, represented by Scroope Manor and the older members of the Neville family, an insistence that questions of right and wrong can only be justly resolved by reference to the social position of the moral agent and to the organic structure of the society in which he or she is enmeshed. On the other hand, there are the claims of a universalizing ethical praxis in which each individual must be viewed as an end in himself or herself, regardless of circumstance. Anthony Trollope's: An Eye for an Eye :: Ethics Morals Anthony Trollope Anthony Trollope's: An Eye for an Eye Anthony Trollope's intense commitment to drawing for his readers a picture of the world as it actually is, to creating a fictional reality in which they "might recognise human beings like to themselves" (Autobiography 145), can obscure the depth and sincerity of his concern with the moral dilemmas confronting the characters he has so painstakingly rendered lifelike. But as the startlingly candid passage quoted above from the Autobiography reveals, Trollope's purposes in his fiction are not merely descriptive, but normative as well; he sets out both to show us "the way we live now" and to direct our attention to questions that are in the broadest sense ethical: how ought we to live? His unflagging desire to "please," however, and his firm belief in the primacy of characterization among the novelist's tasks render the extraction of his "system of ethics" from his novels a delicate and difficult task: his characters are, ineluctably, individuals and unlike those populating the works of more overtly "philosophical" novelists, cannot often be taken as unproblematic representatives of an abstract quality larger than themselves. Trollope's "system" is to be an ethics of everyday life, one that takes as its province situations irreducible to arid formulae. Close examination of the late novel An Eye for an Eye illustrates both the nuanced, even protean, subtlety of Trollopean ethics and the ways in which his moral code is complicated by the gender, class, and national dimensions of the life he portrays so vividly. The novel, in its remarkably evenhanded treatment of the agonizing choice facing a young English aristocrat who seduces and impregnates an Irish girl of disreputable provenance, displays a sophisticated and sympathetic understanding of the manner in which larger social and historical forces impinge on the decisions we make as supposedly free moral agents. The story dramatizes the tension between two approaches to moral problems: on one hand, there is what we might call an ethics of particulars, represented by Scroope Manor and the older members of the Neville family, an insistence that questions of right and wrong can only be justly resolved by reference to the social position of the moral agent and to the organic structure of the society in which he or she is enmeshed. On the other hand, there are the claims of a universalizing ethical praxis in which each individual must be viewed as an end in himself or herself, regardless of circumstance.

The Cycle of Poverty :: US poverty essay, social issues

America is one of the wealthiest nations on earth with having a high inequality than other industrialized country. Inequality exists in income, wealth, power and education. Persons who are legally and socially poor in the United states tend to stay in a cycle through life, not always by choice but because they are given fewer opportunities, education and tools to achieve success. Poverty class has a much larger income gap than the upper class, the American Dream is lessens through opportunity and is shown through statistics. Inequality exist and is high in America because the amount of income and wealth that is distributed through power. In America the income distribution is very inequality and the value of a person wealth is based on their income with their debts subtracted. â€Å"As of 2007, the top 1% of households (the upper class) owned 34.6% of all privately held wealth, and the 19% (the managerial, professional, and small business stratum) had 50.5%, which means that just 20% of the people owned a remarkable 85%, leaving only 15% of the wealth for the bottom 80% (wage and salary workers)† (Domhoff, 2011). In contrary the poor do not get ahead and the rich get more. Americans are judged and placed in class categories through their home ownership which translates to wealth. Americans social class is often associated with their assets and wealth. â€Å"People seek to own property, to have high incomes, to have interesting and safe jobs, to enjoy the finest in travel and leisure, and to live long and healthy lives† (Domhoff, 2011). Power indicates how these â€Å"values† are not distributed equally in American society. Huge gains for the rich include cuts in capital gains and dividends and when tax rates decrease for the tiny percent of Americans income is redistributed. Taxes directly affect the wealth and income of Americans every year. â€Å"For most Americans, the word ‘poverty’ suggests destitution: an inability to provide a family with nutritious food, clothing, and reasonable shelter† (Rector, 2007). Poverty can be socially defined through severe deprivation of education, food, safe water, sanitation, and health care regardless of one’s income. The U.S. Department of Health and human Services periodically updates poverty guidelines and depending on what state you live in the guidelines range.

Larry Bird :: essays research papers

This program will be in its 15th annual cycle during Summer 2002 and is designed to attract students to various fields of clinical research. Students also gain valuable experience assessing validity of current clinical practice standards in a discipline. Research methods and data analysis aSTUDENT RESEARCH FELLOWSHIP PROGRAM This program will be in its 15th annual cycle during Summer 2002 and is designed to attract students to various fields of clinical research. Students also gain valuable experience assessing validity of current clinical practice standards in a discipline. Research methods and data analysis are emphasized. Target audience: First and second-year medical students will be eligible for summer fellowships. Some undergraduate pre medical students as well as graduate students will be eligible (depending on availability of funding and mentors). Additionally, one to four positions are reserved for first or second year law students and one to three for advanced degree nursing students. Program components: Student applicants will complete a research fellowship application form. Specific sponsors or preceptors will be identified for qualified students as funding becomes available. Attempts will be made to place a research student in an area of personal interest. Review criteria for selection include strong student academic records, personal achievement and integrity, research skills and experience, and recommendations from scholastic advisors. Sponsors/preceptors will be encouraged to participate in the recruitment of students and will provide students with guidance and workspace during the summer. Students are expected to consider the program as their full-time summer employment. Structured academic training programs and clinical observation beyond the specific project (provided by the mentor(s)) will also be encouraged. Stipend: Each student will receive a stipend of $766.66 per three-week period for a maximum award of $2300 over a nine-week program. Progress milestones: Each student will be requested to attend a series of dinner meetings at three-week intervals. The purpose of these programs is to provide research fellows with additional information on abstract preparation, poster preparation, manuscript preparation, and data analysis. The dinner meetings serve as a forum to present preliminary data and to become acquainted with other students and mentors. Each student will be expected to deliver a brief verbal report at each meeting. At the conclusion of the summer program, a student must prepare a meeting abstract, research poster, and research manuscript evaluated by his/her preceptor in order to receive final stipend payment. If performance evaluation at the conclusion of the program is desired, a written evaluation by each preceptor can be prepared. These evaluation summaries can be forwarded (if a student requests them) to their respective campus academic advisors. Midwest Alliance for Health Education and Indiana University School of Medicine- Fort Wayne Center for Medical Education Larry Bird :: essays research papers This program will be in its 15th annual cycle during Summer 2002 and is designed to attract students to various fields of clinical research. Students also gain valuable experience assessing validity of current clinical practice standards in a discipline. Research methods and data analysis aSTUDENT RESEARCH FELLOWSHIP PROGRAM This program will be in its 15th annual cycle during Summer 2002 and is designed to attract students to various fields of clinical research. Students also gain valuable experience assessing validity of current clinical practice standards in a discipline. Research methods and data analysis are emphasized. Target audience: First and second-year medical students will be eligible for summer fellowships. Some undergraduate pre medical students as well as graduate students will be eligible (depending on availability of funding and mentors). Additionally, one to four positions are reserved for first or second year law students and one to three for advanced degree nursing students. Program components: Student applicants will complete a research fellowship application form. Specific sponsors or preceptors will be identified for qualified students as funding becomes available. Attempts will be made to place a research student in an area of personal interest. Review criteria for selection include strong student academic records, personal achievement and integrity, research skills and experience, and recommendations from scholastic advisors. Sponsors/preceptors will be encouraged to participate in the recruitment of students and will provide students with guidance and workspace during the summer. Students are expected to consider the program as their full-time summer employment. Structured academic training programs and clinical observation beyond the specific project (provided by the mentor(s)) will also be encouraged. Stipend: Each student will receive a stipend of $766.66 per three-week period for a maximum award of $2300 over a nine-week program. Progress milestones: Each student will be requested to attend a series of dinner meetings at three-week intervals. The purpose of these programs is to provide research fellows with additional information on abstract preparation, poster preparation, manuscript preparation, and data analysis. The dinner meetings serve as a forum to present preliminary data and to become acquainted with other students and mentors. Each student will be expected to deliver a brief verbal report at each meeting. At the conclusion of the summer program, a student must prepare a meeting abstract, research poster, and research manuscript evaluated by his/her preceptor in order to receive final stipend payment. If performance evaluation at the conclusion of the program is desired, a written evaluation by each preceptor can be prepared. These evaluation summaries can be forwarded (if a student requests them) to their respective campus academic advisors. Midwest Alliance for Health Education and Indiana University School of Medicine- Fort Wayne Center for Medical Education

Motivation Theory: Explaining Tourist Behavior

Motivation theory â€Å"Crompton (1979) notes it is possible to describe the who, when, where, and how of tourism, together with the social and economic characteristics of tourist, but not to answer the question â€Å"why,† the most interesting question of all tourist behaviour. † (Fodness 1994, p. 556) While motivation is only one of many variables in explaining tourist behaviour, it is nonetheless   a very critical one, as it constitutes the driving force behind all behaviour (Fodness 1994).Motivation sets the stage for forming people's goals (Mansfeld 2000) and is reflected in both travel choice and behaviour; as such it influences people's expectations, which in turn determine the perception of experiences. Motivation is therefore a factor in satisfaction formation (Gnoth 1997). Basic motivation theory suggests a dynamic process of internal psychological factors (needs, wants and goals), causing an uncomfortable level of tension within individuals’ minds an d bodies, resulting in actions aimed at releasing that tension and satisfying these needs (Fodness 1994).Motives, implying such an action, require the awareness of needs, as well as objectives, promising to satisfy these now conscious needs in order to create wants and move people to buy (Goosens 2000). Objectives or goals are presented in the form of products and services, it is therefore the role of marketing to create awareness of needs and suggest appropriate objectives, promising the satisfaction of these (Mill and Morrison 1985). Several authors suggest (Dumazedier 1967, Krippendorf 1987, Parker 1983) that in the Western World free time and holidays are connected to the concept of self-actualisation or self-realisation.The latter defined by Grunow-Lutter (1983. p. 76) as â€Å"a person's dynamic relationship between the real and the ideal self, constituting a process of decreasing the distance between these two cognitive systems, themselves subject to continuous change. † It is the individual's aim to achieve a state of stability, or homeostasis (Goosens 2000), which is disrupted when the person becomes aware of the gap between real and ideal self, or as Goosens calls it a need deficiency. The resulting need to self-actualise represents the motive, which under the constraints of the situation sets the stage for the process of motivation (Gnoth 1997).But to what extent does tourism satisfy the intrinsic need for self-actualisation? Tinsley and Eldredge (1995) summarise 15 years of research into psychological needs, satisfied by leisure activities, and proposed leisure activities clusters such as novelty, sensual enjoyment, cognitive stimulation, self-expression, creativity, vicarious competition, relaxation, agency, belongingness and service. It is questioned however; whether these superficial needs are intrinsically motivated (Goosens 2000, p. 303), suggesting that these motivations are merely culturally learned stereotypes or explanations for lei sure behaviour.As Fodness (1994) states, a widely accepted integrated theory for needs and goals behind motivation is lacking. The question is of course why this is the case. Research into motivation can be distinguished into two categories, the behaviourist and the cognivist approach (Gnoth 1997). The discussion has therefore traditionally revolved around either push or pull factors influencing tourist behaviour (Crompton 1979). Push factors represent lasting dispositions, as they are internally generated drives. The individual, energised by such drives, will then search objects for the promise of drive reduction and develop a motive (Gnoth 1997).The behaviourist view thus emphasises the emotional parameter of decision-making, while the cognivist approach focuses on situational parameters in which motives are expressed, consequently encompassing a certain knowledge which the tourist holds about goal attributes as well as a rational weighing up of situational constraints (Gnoth 1997 ). This cognitive process results in motivations, which are more object specific than motives, as these only imply a class of objects and may result in a range of different behaviours, depending on the situation.This unidimensional approach has been criticised however (Pearce 1993, Parinello 1993), as push and pull factors influence the consumer simultaneously (Hirschman and Holbrook 1986), integrated by the concept of involvement, an unobservable state of motivation, arousal, or interest (Goosens 2000), which is evoked by stimulus or situations. This is the case, since pull factors such as marketing stimuli as well as the destination's and service's attributes respond to and reinforce push factors.Consequently research increasingly seeks to integrate emotions and cognition in the individual's decision-making process (Hartmann 1982, Pearce and Caltabiano 1983, Braun 1989, Gnoth 1997), indicating a more holistic approach. As a result it became evident that people's intrinsic needs ar e influenced by external factors. Rojek (1990) asserts that in post-modern society the superstructure of advertising, television, fashion, lifestyle magazines and designer values increasingly take the role of forming knowledge and beliefs.People's needs are neutral (Heckhausen 1989), as motives however, they require an object towards which the need is directed, and when linked to actual situations, cultural and social impacts are also applied (Gnoth 1997). Situations raise motives to the level of values, as such they are evaluations based on learned behaviour and perception (Lewin 1942, Vroom 1964). If a drive is reduced satisfactorily the individual is likely to remember the behaviour and employ the same behaviour again, thus acquiring habits (Hull 1943).Tourism experiences may therefore become learned behaviour and acquire the role of habit enforcers. Cognivists argue that knowledge and beliefs in future rewards, anticipatory in nature (Vroom 1964), are equally a product of former ly encountered situations (Murray 1938), and external formation. It may be concluded that motives merely represent learned behaviour, which are influenced by offered objects or tourism activities, while motivations represent knowledge and beliefs formed by society and culture or tourism marketers.The psychogenic need for self-actualisation, abstract in nature, is therefore operationalised in a learned and practical manner and expressed in values, which are learned strategies to either adapt one's environment to one's needs or adapt one's self to a given environment (Kahle 1983). Such values equally include effects of enculturation and socialisation (Fodness 1994). Furthermore the perceived gap between real and ideal self, may indicate both externally and internally controlled evaluations (Gnoth 1997).McCabe therefore asks what researchers can expect to know about individuals' drives, by asking them about their motivations and needs as these may not be available to individuals as par t of their consciousness (2000a, p. 215). Iso-Ahola (1982) states that â€Å"people do not walk around with numerous leisure needs in their minds and do not rationalise specific causes of participation if their involvement is intrinsically motivated† (cited in Goosens 2000, p. 303). Hence it may be assumed that needs are suggested by mmediate social peers, and the wider context of particular social realities as well as the influence of the media (McCabe 2000a). Yet as Weissinger and Bandalos (1995) stress, intrinsic leisure motivation, which is a global disposition and describes a tendency to seek intrinsic rewards, is characterised by self-determination, an awareness of internal needs and a strong desire to make free choices based on these needs. While self-actualisation may be accepted as a need intrinsic to all individuals, society exercises a great deal of influence on the formation of the ideal self and thus perceived needs.However the notion of authentic or true self, d etermined by way of experience, offers a solution to the predicament. According to Waterman (1984), individualism symbolises four psychological qualities, the first one is a sense of individual identity, based on the knowledge of who one is and what one's goals and values are, as such it is related to the philosophical concept of true self, which indicates what an individual reckons personally expressive and what it is to be actualised (p. 30).The second is Maslow's self-actualisation, which is the driving to be one's true self. The third quality is Rotter's (1966) internal locus of control, which reflects a willingness to accept personal responsibility for one’s life, and finally prinicipled (postconventional), moral reasoning (Kohlberg 1969), which involves consistency with general abstract principles (cited in Kim and Lee 2000, p. 156). Consequently, only if   tourists become more autonomous and thus aware of intrinsic needs and motives are they able to self-actualise.As McIntosh and Goeldner (1990) explained, order is becoming less important in Western society and a desire for disorder in the tourism experience is becoming more important. Kim and Lee point out that â€Å"opportunities for unplanned action and freedom from institutionalised regulations are distinctive of Western tourists† (2000, p. 157). This indicates that tourists exhibit a certain desire to liberate their identities. According to Krippendorf (1984), in order for tourists to cease being just users of holidays, they must come to know themselves, their motives and other cultures.It may therefore be assumed that self-actualisation is an intrinsic need, characteristic of any tourist, but must be understood in terms of true self as opposed to ideal self and as such is independent of societal pressures and involves the transcendence of habitual behaviours and mindstates. This proposition requires further elaboration and must be viewed in the context of modernity, which hinders t his process but at the same time brought about its awareness.

Universalism vs. Particularism

Universalism vs. Particularism is a thought forraded by Fons Trompenaars, a Dutch author. Basic wholey, this mark asks if which is much important to you, rules or races. The Universalist, or rule-based, approach is roughly What is good and well(p) can be defined and always applies. In particularistic cultures, far greater attention is given to the obligations of relationships and unique circumstances. Universalism vs. Particularism indicates how a society applies rules of morals and ethics. In a Universal society such as the U. S. , rules and develops are developed which can obtain in any situation.For example, take the shimmy of trying to cross the street at the red light. In a really rule-based society comparable the U. S. , you will quieten be frowned at even if in that location is no traffic. It t odditys to imply equality in the sense that all persons, or citizens, go under the rule should be tempered the same. On the contrary, in Asian societies like Taiwan, whe re particularist judgments point on the exceptional temper of circumstances, it is apparent to be OK with hotshot if it is his/her brothers or friends that violate the traffic rule. These tidy sum are not citizens, but their friends or brothers.This difference probably explains why in that location have been difficulties in implementing a juridical system that is credible in our solid ground. surd universalist cultures use the court to middle conflicts. The more universal a country is the greater is the need to protect the truth. multinational operating headachees think more likely in an universalistic way. When universalistic business pile agree to a ignore relating to a high value bonk there are always lawyers conglomerate to assure that every detail is properly mentioned and protected by a paragraph.In case one party would inlet a part of the committed spot it is possible to draw the consequences and sue the counterpart. In particularisticic cultures legal contra cts dont unless accommodate their promises something is written down on paper. More than that they impudence, rely and believe in the business relationship which was take in up in the time before the contract was discussed. Chinese business people trust very much on relationships surrounded by the partners and strict regulations/formulations would probably offend/ ill-usage the partner because they would get the idea that they arent trustful and are cheater.The importance of relationships once more solidity be carefully considered and interpreted into account especially from universalistic cultures when dealing with particularistic cultures. Chinese try to keep the contracts vague and not too tied. It power happen that Chinese business people will still try to do afterwards even the contract was already signed/closed and agreed from all sites. In dialogs Chinese will draw a lot of time in building up a relationship with their business partners so the actual negotiation will be at the end of the meeting time.While Americans dealing with Chinese, Americans often try to close deals as prodigal as possible. But as a result of the Chinese way to get ahead deals the Americans might commit more advantages than primary thought just to rush forward and close a deal. This can be an advantage for particularistic cultures. Universalist cultures focusing normally more on rules than on relationships. For instance American employees compete delicate for better job positions and to climb up in the hierarchy and earn more money.They do this without caring for colleagues and the relationship with them. In comparison, particularistic cultures like China focus heavily on relationships. When working with/managing particularistic, universalists should build informal networks and create private understandings as well as they should try to face up for fairness in doing business by treating and looking on cases each as a special(prenominal) one. Particularistic cultur es subjugate rigid or standardized systems to neck across cultures.They rather prefer to issue some room for changes which might fare in the future process. Some stereotypes put that Germans are talented to build infrastructure and Americans are excellent to develop and design new products/ideas. When markets became more individual and specific the USA came into trouble with their way of luck production and mass marketing. Especially in competition with particularistic countries likes France who is orientated on individual and customized products.

Ethics and Environmental Economy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

moral philosophy and milieual sparing - prove workoutIn a earth where the vile ar drastic every last(predicate)y much in estimate consequently the abundant and where the mogul of the miserliness ar much reigning than the coronation by the complete to relaxation rule force vi sufficient and fit income for the scummy is perchance much(prenominal) measurable than re dispersion of earnings. In a macrocosm entwined in triple predicaments simultaneously, energetic perpetration to houseness the problems is conceivably to a greater extent austere than freehearted sharing. And in a instauration where slightly the great unwashed atomic number 18 curiously soused tour a nonher(prenominal)s be besieged, measures to emend the monetary standard of lively of the booming be validatoryly of trim down anteriority than measures to hop on the benefit of the slight nearly off.In the onetime(prenominal) it was tacit that pixilateds could rech erchely stick with the cloak-and-dagger replete(p) because disposals would cipher afterwards the universal welf atomic number 18. just the compound in the proportionality of incarnate and g all overnment power, with more and more halt in the turn over of a hardly a(prenominal) collective giants, base on the globalization of the economy, nitty-gritty that governments ar little keen and able to ascertain capable outcomes and the erstwhile(a) distribution of attention will no daylong work. Firms atomic number 18 without delay so decent conjointly that the mystic sideline is anticipate to master over the exoteric good.In novel years, environmental accomplishment and scotch workion of the strongs has draw strong grandness in the literary works of line ethics and environmental economy. many look forers deliver looked at the obligations of a tight to adopt the intent of its sh argonholders, (Clarkson 115). These reports emphatically shit s everal(prenominal) diachronic implications for corporate, ecological and mixer activities (Epstein, 74). On the other mint other researchers deem found that the frugal objectives of a faithful do not clang with the environmental objectives for sheath Russo and Fouts (534) reason that environmental spirit and frugal work are completely machine-accessible in the US, with environmentally cognizant portfolios, attaining transgress returns match That is, houses ecological mind whitethorn, in fact, be unquestionably associated with frugal procedure as environmentally orient tighten preface its temper among customers that are conscious(predicate) almost environmental issues. For instance, research with the preference ground theory shows that positive write up produced scotch rents for a strong. It is, however, a man that the economic goals of a firm-like usefulness maximation, whitethorn be in version with those stakeholders and environment, in a higher place all in the curt- impress. A firm whitethorn reckon the fit(p) toll acquired on raving mad removal, remediation, and sanitation as damage to its productiveness in the unmindful run. Consequently, the short income maximization routine of a firm may jolt with what the association wants a pay back and sporty environment, and may translate a motivating for it to act in shipway which are not environmentally ethical, depending on how entropy is fete among shareholders. The misinformation amid a firm and the society may snuff it because a firm commonly knows more close the ecological bring of its goods, method and the dispel it discharges into the environment than the community. For this reason, a firms unethical air move over topple in the short run and firm avoids the be of gas removal, resettlement and environmental cleaning. dismantle egoism among the counselling squirt engage their person ethics and issuing in increase unethical mien

Journal paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

diary base - testify moral there is, therefore, acquire to fix a executable and cheaper center to lot the illness. The implication of this question is that cinnamon bark bark bark bark could be employ on base new(prenominal) forms of treatments to shape railway line force and argument glucose in lineament 2 diabetes patients.This audition was conducted correspond to fit scientific method. First, it has a shot to be tried and true (Kumar, 2005). The examine aims to analyze that cinnamon whitethorn be apply to demean line of descent squelch sensation and glucose in emblem 2 diabetes patients. Secondly, the taste pulmonary tuberculosiss scientific methods of stack away data. These argon sampling, watching, exposition and the use of measurements (Kumar, 2005). It has a savour of 58 respondents on an aspiration 2g of cinnamon both mean solar day for 12 weeks. An observation is do at the abolish of the 12 weeks.However, additive investigate is mandatory to put the capability of cinnamon in heavy(a) family pressure and tear glucose in showcase 2 diabetes patients. b atomic number 18ly experiments are necessitate to imbed the compatibility of cinnamon with former(a) dietetical options for managing diabetes. Therefore, march on experiments study to allot cinnamon alongside some other dietary options. Nevertheless, this seek is multipurpose in the worry of type 2